<p>Christ Church Lutheran is a congregation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America  in Minneapolis. Its buildings—a sanctuary with chapel  and an education wing  designed by Finnish-American architects Eliel Saarinen and Eero Saarinen—have been internationally recognized, most recently in 2009 as a National Historic Landmark by the U.S Department of the Interior.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was established in 1911 as part of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod, but left in the 1970s as part of a dispute that led to the formation of the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, which in turn was among the founding denominations of the ELCA.</p><br>
<p>The Rev. Miriam Samuelson-Roberts currently serves as lead pastor, with the Rev. Erik Haaland as associate pastor. The congregation is also served by its cantors, Deacon Mark Sedio and Martha Mutch.</p><br>
<h2>Structures</h2><br>
<p>The International Style worship building was designed by the firm Saarinen and Saarinen, a father and son partnership of Eliel Saarinen (1873–1950) and Eero Saarinen (1910–1961), the project was Eliel Saarinens last completed building. The sculptured stone panels were designed by William M. McVey (1922–1976). It was dedicated in 1949, and was acknowledged as an architectural masterpiece from the day it opened. As an early, outstanding example of modern religious architecture in the United States, it was widely published in the architectural, popular, and religious press, and provided inspiration for countless modern churches that were to be built in the 1950s and 1960s. Noted conductor Osmo Vänskä said of the church that "Its a good place to play. The acoustics are good for music—for chamber music—and its a good place for the audience to listen. Its a place not only for the congregation but also a venue for concerts."</p><br>
<p>The congregation opted to go with the design after finding that their plans for a traditional Gothic Revival building would be too costly. In 1946 a new pastor, Reverend William A. Buege, contacted the elder Saarinen, then the president of the Cranbrook Academy of Art, and convinced him to take the commission. Saarinen had designed the pioneering First Christian Church in Columbus, Indiana in 1941 and used it as a model. It was Eliel Saarinens last building; he died the following year. Upon the churchs opening, Saarinen noted "if a building is honest, the architecture is religious." At first look, the church appears to be an oblong box, but actually it is an irregular quadrilateral—the side walls are not parallel, nor are the front and back walls.</p><br>
<p>An addition, the education building (connected by an arcade and interior hallways) was designed under the supervision of Eero Saarinen by his former employee Glen Paulsen, and completed in 1962. By coincidence it was also Eero&#39;s last completed project; he died the year before. The addition is organized around a courtyard and was carefully designed to complement and complete their earlier worship building.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, the building was the eighth recipient of the American Institute of Architects Twenty-five Year Award, one of only two places of worship to have been so honored. Notably, it was chosen for this award ahead of Mies van der Rohe&#39;s iconic Farnsworth House, though both buildings were eligible in the same year. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The entire building was named a National Historic Landmark by the National Park Service by the Secretary of the Interior on January 16, 2009.</p><br>
<p>Restoration of the bell tower was completed in 2011, and the courtyard was reconstructed in 2017. In 2018, the previous organ was replaced with a new pipe organ built by Dobson Pipe Organ Builders of Lake City, Iowa.</p><br>
<p>Free architecture tours are offered to the public at 11:00 a.m. on the second Sunday of every month. Tours are led by a trained docent from the non-profit Friends of Christ Church Lutheran. Tours for larger groups can be arranged with prior consultation.</p><br>
<p>The G. H. Bent Company, better known as Bents Cookie Factory and recognized as bakers of "cold water crackers" since 1801, was a business specializing in cookies that operated in Milton, Massachusetts for over two centuries. Bents also sold a number of other baked goods, including their George and Martha Washington pies . In 2017, Bent&#39;s expanded its menu to include a variety of sandwiches named after Milton-based themes and discontinued baking their signature hardtack crackers. Soon thereafter, the business closed and the original 1801 mill turned into a mixed use residential and commercial space.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Josiah Bent began selling "water crackers" (biscuits made of flour and water that would not deteriorate during long sea voyages) in 1801 from facilities in Milton. His company later sold the original hardtack crackers used by troops during the Civil War. His grandson, George H. Bent, built the -story wood-frame factory building at 7 Pleasant Street. The top two levels of the factory retain the historic signage and were where the cookies and other baked goods were made; the storefront was at street level.</p><br>
<p>On February 10, 2000, the G.H. Bent Company Factory was added to the National Register of Historic Places. In April 2001, Senator Ted Kennedy visited G.H. Bent Company to unveil the official National Register plaque and make remarks in honor of the bicentennial of the Bent cracker.</p><br>
<p>The Archibald Smith Plantation Home is a historic house in Roswell, Georgia, built in 1845. The home was built by one of Roswell&#39;s founders, Archibald Smith, and housed three generations of his family.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The home was restored by the third generation, Arthur and Mary Smith, in 1940. The home was sold to the City of Roswell in 1986 and opened to the public as a house museum in 1991.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the home, the grounds include a guest house, slave quarters, cookhouse, carriage house, barn, spring house and water well. The plantation was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Evon Zartman Vogt Ranch House is a historic house in the USA state of New Mexico. It was constructed in 1915, in the foothills of the Zuni Mountains one mile  southeast of Ramah, New Mexico. It is located about 500 ft east of State Highway 53. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Evon Zartman Vogt, born in Upper Sandusky, Ohio in 1880. He entered the University of Chicago in 1902, where he became a member of Delta Upsilon fraternity. In his junior year, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis, which necessitated a change of climate. Hence, he moved to the Territory of New Mexico and worked as the postmaster in Glorieta and later on a ranch on the slopes of Mount Taylor, near the railroad town of Grants. After a long vacation in Europe in 1914 he returned to Chicago and married Shirley Bergman, and brought her to their new residence in Ramah, New Mexico. They built their house of sandstone and adobe, raised four children, and as the largest sheep ranchers in New Mexico experienced both fortune and as well as economic privation through the 1920s and 1930s.</p><br>
<p>Evon, known by all as "Skeeter", and by the Navajo as Pesoteaje ("Little Fat Pig"), was the first Custodian of El Morro National Monument, also known as Inscription Rock, 10 miles (16 km) southeast of their ranch. He also founded the first newspaper in that part of New Mexico, the Gallup Gazette (which became the Gallup Independent), was the Master of Ceremonies for many years of the Gallup Ceremonial, and served as Agent for the Ramah Navajo Reservation. Evon died in 1943; his widow, Shirley, maintained the ranch as a guest/dude ranch during the 1950s and lived there until her death in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Vogt Ranch House is still owned and occupied by Evon Vogts direct descendants. His eldest daughter, Barbara Vogt Mallery, wrote an acclaimed book about her parents lives entitled "Baling Wire and Gamuza" in 2003. The book was awarded one of the "Southwest Books of the Year 2004" by the Arizona Star newspaper. Barbara&#39;s elder brother, Evon Zartman Vogt, Jr. (1918–2004), a noted anthropologist and former Co-Master of Kirkland House at Harvard University, acquired his interest in cultural anthropology thanks to the many local cultures with which the family interacted on a daily basis.</p><br>
<p>The Delamater-Bevin Mansion, also known as The Bevin House, is a historic 22-room Victorian mansion on the north shore of Long Island within the Incorporated Village of Asharoken, New York. The estate is on the Eatons Neck landmass on the edge of Duck Island Harbor, an inlet of Northport Bay, off of Long Island Sound.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The home was built by Cornelius Henry DeLamater in 1862 in French Second Empire architectural style, and was originally known as Vermland. DeLamater, who owned over 1,000 acre of Eatons Neck, was the owner of the DeLamater Iron Works located in NYC where W. 13th St meets the Hudson River. The turret, engines, and weaponry on the Ironclad "Monitor" were built by DeLamaters foundry under the direction of noted marine engineer John Ericsson. DeLamater named his summer estate "Vermland" after the Swedish province where Ericsson was born as the two men were best of friends and inseparable. After DeLamaters death on February 7, 1889, his Eatons Neck estate was inherited by his wife Ruth Oakley Caller DeLamater, who died on December 7, 1894, leaving the estate to their daughter Laura DeLamater Bevin. Over time, the house gradually became known as "The Bevin House. Laura DeLamater Bevin died on March 4, 1920 and her son Sydney Bevin inherited the property.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the exiled French writer and pioneering aviator Antoine de Saint-Exupéry rented The Bevin House, which is where he wrote much of the well-known novel The Little Prince during late 1942. He lived there with Consuelo de Saint-Exupéry, and they hosted their common friend Denis de Rougemont.</p><br>
<p>On May 29, 1960 Sydney Bevin died, and The Bevin House was sold to Charles William Foesell in 1964. In 1979 the estate was purchased by real estate developer Nikos Kefalidis, who commissioned an extensive restoration of the mansion. Kefalidis was killed in the crash of Swiss Air 111 on September 2, 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Delamater-Bevin Mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>Carrollton Manor was a 17,000 acre  tract of land in Frederick County, Maryland, United States, which extended from the Potomac River on the south, Catoctin Mountain to the west, the Monocacy River to the east, and Ballenger Creek to the north. It included the towns of Lime Kiln, Buckeystown, Adamstown, Doubs, Licksville, Tuscarora, and Point of Rocks.</p><br>
<p>Charles Carroll of Annapolis granted the entire estate to his son, Charles Carroll of Carrollton. It is from this tract of land that he took his title, "Charles Carroll of Carrollton." While Charles Carroll of Carrollton never lived on Carrollton Manor, he erected a manor house there, Tuscarora, where he spent a few days or weeks at a time. The eldest daughter of Charles Carroll of Carrollton married Richard Caton and was the mother of the "three American graces" who married British noble men: the eldest, Marianne, marrying the Marquess Wellesley, K.G., a brother of the 1st Duke of Wellington; the second, Louisa Catherine, first to Sir Felton Hervey-Bathurst, 1st Baronet and later the 7th Duke of Leeds; and the third, Elizabeth, the 8th Lord Stafford. These titled ladies continued for years to retain possession of portions of the manor and to collect large rental revenue from the estate&#39;s many fertile farms. The manor house was the home of his favorite granddaughter, Marianne Caton, and her husband, Robert Patterson.</p><br>
<p>The house is a two-story house of Federal architecture, built of native limestone circa 1820, situated in Adamstown, Maryland. Originally the house had 14 rooms; more were added later until there were 21. The walls are twenty-four inches thick, the floors are oak, and many doors still have the original latches. Partitions through most of the house are solid brick. Beyond the wide front door is a rectangular reception hall with access to the rooms. There are twin drawing rooms and a stairway that sweeps from the basement to the attic. Each room has its fireplace. The manor house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<p>The manor hummed with industry in the early 19th century, with mills operated by water power built on the Monocacy River to grind grain. Wheat supplanted tobacco in Carroll&#39;s agricultural policy. Kilns were established to burn lime to fertilize the fields.</p><br>
<p>The Pattersons lived at Tuscarora for only a few years. When cholera broke out in the neighborhood, they fled to Baltimore, Maryland, but Mr. Patterson died a few days later. After Mr. Patterson&#39;s death, Tuscarora was occupied by tenants. The Manor was reduced by being divided into small farms until only about two thousand acres (8 km) remained.</p><br>
<p>After the death of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the estate was deeded to his descendants. Since the heirs of Charles Carroll were scattered over the world, they employed agents or overseers to look after their interests. Soon most of Carrollton Manor had been sold or leased. Among the large purchasers was Louis McMurray, the first to start the corn canning industry in Frederick County. He also canned peas and other vegetables. Two large canning plants were located on Carrollton Manor, one at Buckeystown, Maryland, controlled by the Baker Brothers, and the other at Adamstown controlled by the Thomas Brothers.</p><br>
<p>Careless tenants neglected and abused Tuscarora. Turkeys were raised in a bedroom, hogs in the basement and cured hams dripped from the attic. The descendants held Carrollton Manor as absentee landlords until around 1923 when it was bought by the Baker family. About 1949 two of the original farms of the Manor were sold to Mr. & Mrs. Pascal Renn. They made extensive improvements to Tuscarora and furnished it with antiques and reproductions of the colonial period. It was thrown open for a Garden Pilgrimage in 1953. Surprisingly the banisters and stairway survived and the woodwork was in good condition and the cupboards, inner window shutters and doors stayed in place. In the 1950s, the Renns sold the farm to Eastalco, which erected a large aluminum plant on the farm. Tuscarora is still standing and is used by Eastalco&#39;s successor owner, Alcoa as guest house and meeting center.</p><br>
<p>There is also a in Anne Arundel County, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>The Divine Lorraine Hotel, also known as the Lorraine Apartments, stands at the corner of Broad Street and Fairmount Avenue in North Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Designed by architect Willis G. Hale and built between 1892 and 1894, the building originally functioned as apartments, housing some of Philadelphia&#39;s wealthy residents. Lorraine Apartments was one of the most luxurious and best preserved late 19th-century apartment houses in Philadelphia. In 1900 the building became the Lorraine Hotel when the Italian-owned Metropolitan Hotel Company purchased the apartments. Later it would become the first hotel in Philadelphia to be racially integrated under Father Divine.</p><br>
<p>The hotel was sold in 2000 and eventually abandoned. It deteriorated, with graffiti all over the walls, broken windows, and crumbling stone until late 2015 when a new owner began a massive renovation project.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Both the location of the building and the architecture itself reflect the changes that were occurring rapidly in the city of Philadelphia and in the country at the time. North Philadelphia of the 1880s attracted many of the city&#39;s nouveau-riche, those individuals who became wealthy as a result of the Industrial Revolution. The Lorraine was a place of luxurious living, providing apartments with new amenities such as electricity. In addition, the building boasted its own staff, eliminating the need for residents to have private servants. There was also a central kitchen from which meals were delivered to residents.</p><br>
<p>Reporting on the Philadelphia Phillies&#39; return to Philadelphia in April 1935 from spring training in Florida, the Philadelphia Inquirer wrote, "the Phillies... steamed into North Philadelphia station and jumped cabs for the Lorraine Hotel, which will be the headquarters of the club until the season opens."</p><br>
<p>The Lorraine Apartments were also an architectural feat. Prior to this period, the majority of Philadelphia&#39;s buildings were low rise, generally being no more than three or four stories tall. Not only were construction materials and techniques not capable of supporting taller buildings, but the inconvenience of the many flights of stairs to get to higher floors in the absence of an elevator was significant.</p><br>
<p>The Lorraine, at ten stories tall, was one of the first high-rise apartment buildings in the city. The building&#39;s architect, Willis G. Hale, also designed an earlier high-rise apartment building at 22nd and Chestnut Streets, which stood from 1889 until its demolition in 1945. Hale designed many other buildings around the city, but quickly fell out of favor at the turn of the century when most patrons rejected his highly stylized Victorian designs for the sleeker style of modern skyscrapers, and most of his landmarks had been torn down after the Great Depression.</p><br>
<h2>Father Divine and the International Peace Mission Movement</h2><br>
<p>In 1948, the building was sold to Father Divine (Reverend Major Jealous Divine) for $485,000. Father Divine was the leader of the International Peace Mission movement. After purchasing the building, Father Divine renamed it the Divine Lorraine Hotel. His hotel was the first of its class in Philadelphia, or indeed in the United States, to be fully racially integrated. The Divine Lorraine was open to all races and religions, men and women who were willing to follow the rules of the movement. Among others, the rules included no smoking, no drinking, no profanity, and no undue mixing of the sexes, with men and women residing on different floors of the building. Additionally, guests and residents were expected to uphold a certain level of modesty, meaning that women were expected to wear long skirts - pants were not allowed. Believing that all people were equal in the sight of God, Father Divine was involved in many social welfare activities as well. For example, after purchasing the hotel, several parts of it were transformed for public use. The 10th-floor auditorium was converted to a place of worship. The movement also opened the kitchen on the first floor as a public dining room where persons from the community were able to purchase and eat low-cost meals for 25 cents.</p><br>
<p>The Divine Lorraine received a historical marker from the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission in 1994 and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002 as a site significant in terms of both architectural and civil rights history.</p><br>
<h2>Abandonment</h2><br>
<p>The building was closed in 1999 and sold in 2000 by the International Peace Mission. In May 2006 it was resold to Lorraine Hotel LP. to be converted into apartments. Development never came to fruition but furnishings were sold while floors, paneling, and other architectural items were removed by salvage companies. The building was reduced to a hollow shell, covered with graffiti, with windows boarded up or open to the weather.</p><br>
<p>The Universal Peace Mission Movement still exists in the form of a network of independent churches, businesses, and religious orders. Its followers operated another hotel, the Divine Tracy in West Philadelphia, which they sold in 2006. It is now the Axis Apartments.</p><br>
<h2>Redevelopment</h2><br>
<p>In October 2012 the property was transferred to developer Eric Blumenfeld at the citys monthly Sheriffs sale, with Blumenfeld being the sole bidder. In February 2015 the developer announced renovation plans to convert the building into rental units with restaurants on the ground level pending closing on financing. In May 2015 construction lighting was installed in the empty hotel after an investment fund agreed to lend $31.5M USD in construction funding. In August the Philadelphia Historical Commission approved the plans to restore the building to its 1933 appearance. In June of 2016 a new rooftop "Divine Lorraine" sign had been installed and some interior apartments were nearing completion.</p><br>
<p>In April 2022, it was announced that apartment leases would not be renewed and the Divine Lorraine was to be turned back into a hotel. As of December 2024 the hotel was known as the Mint House an The Divine Lorraine.</p><br>
<p>Kenmore, also known as Kenmore Plantation, is a plantation house at 1201 Washington Avenue in Fredericksburg, Virginia. Built in the 1770s, it was the home of Fielding and Elizabeth Washington Lewis and is the only surviving structure from the 1,300 acre Kenmore plantation.</p><br>
<p>The house is architecturally notable for the remarkable decorative plaster work on the ceilings of many rooms on the first floor. In 1970 the property was declared a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>Kenmore is owned and operated as a house museum by The George Washington Foundation (formerly George Washington&#39;s Fredericksburg Foundation), and is open daily for guided tours. The Foundation also owns nearby Ferry Farm, where George Washington lived as a child.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was completed in 1776 for Fielding and Elizabeth Washington Lewis, the sister of George Washington. He was a planter and successful merchant in town. Their plantation grew tobacco, wheat, and corn by the labor of slaves. The Lewises enslaved more than 80 people on the 1300-acre plantation, including a number of domestic slaves. The mansion&#39;s rear frontage was oriented to the Rapahannock River for easy transportation access.</p><br>
<p>Elizabeths mother Mary Ball Washington was buried on the grounds, which she had liked to visit. Lewis descendants sold the house and property in 1797 after Elizabeth Washington Lewis death. A memorial was erected in 1894 at the Mary Ball Washington gravesite.</p><br>
<p>The Samuel Gordon family purchased the property in 1819. They named it Kenmore for the home of their ancestors in Scotland. Other nineteenth century owners restored the plaster ceilings.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, the plantation house and outbuildings were used as a makeshift Union military hospital after the Battle of the Wilderness in 1864. It was also used by federal troops on their way to Richmond at the close of the war.</p><br>
<p>In 1922 the Kenmore Foundation bought the property and began plans to preserve it. Two flanking dependencies were reconstructed. The landscaping was restored in 1924 by Charles F. Gillette.</p><br>
<p>Today the house and reconstructed dependencies stand on three acres of ground at 1201 Washington Avenue. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969 and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970. It is included in the Washington Avenue Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Wickham House, also known as the Wickham-Valentine House, is a historic house museum on East Clay Street in Richmond, Virginia. Completed in 1812, it is considered one of the finest examples of architecture from the Federal period. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971.</p><br>
<p>It is now owned and operated by The Valentine, a private history museum devoted to the city&#39;s history.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Wickham House is located in Richmond&#39;s Court End neighborhood, a few blocks north of the Virginia State Capitol on the south side of East Clay Street at its corner with North 11th Street. Immediately to its west is the main gallery space of The Valentine.</p><br>
<p>The house is a two-story brick structure, covered by a shallow hip roof surrounded by a low balustrade. The exterior walls have been finished in stucco scored to resemble ashlar stone. It is three bays wide, with a slightly projecting central bay. The main entrance is set in a segmented-arch opening with flanking sidelights and a semi-oval transom, and is sheltered by a portico supported by paired columns and topped by a balustrade. Windows are tri-part with narrow sections flanking wider ones; the ground-floor windows are set in recessed panels with blind segmented-arch headers. The interior features a magnificent elliptical staircase and neoclassical wallpaintings with ancient Greek, Roman and Egyptian themes.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1812 for John Wickham to a design by Massachusetts architect Alexander Parris. It has also been attributed to Robert Mills and Benjamin Latrobe. Wickham was a successful attorney who defended Vice President Aaron Burr during his trial for treason. The Victorian-era decorations found in its parlor were commissioned by John Ballard, its second owner.</p><br>
<p>In 1882 it was purchased by Mann Valentine II. He filled the house with artifacts, including some taken from excavations of Native American earthwork mounds in the Southeast, including South Appalachian Mississippian culture sites and historic Cherokee towns in North Carolina. He bequeathed them and the house to establish a museum for the city.</p><br>
<p>The house is now managed by The Valentine, the current name of original Valentine Museum. It is open for tours.</p><br>
<p>The Mansfield Cut Underwater Archeological District is an 18.31 acre area located near the city of Port Mansfield, Texas, United States, in the waters off Kenedy County and Willacy County, Texas. Located offshore in the Gulf of Mexico near the Port Mansfield Cut, the underwater archaeological site is the location of the Mansfield Cut Wrecks and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Mansfield Cut Wrecks</h2><br>
<p>The Mansfield Cut Underwater Archeological District contains three Spanish shipwrecks caused by a 1554 storm off the southern Texas Gulf Coast near the Mansfield Cut. While the exact location of the site is unpublished, the three shipwrecks were found near the Padre Island National Seashore. The Mansfield Cut Wrecks are listed in the National Register as part of an archeological district of national significance.</p><br>
<h3>Story</h3><br>
<p>On April 9, 1554, four Spanish naos departed from San Juan de Ulúa bound for Havana, Cuba, the first leg of a return trip to Spain. The ships were loaded with precious metals and similar cargo. A storm off the coast of Cuba blew them across the Gulf of Mexico to the coast of Texas. On April 29, three of the ships ran aground with approximately 300 people aboard. The fourth ship, the San Andrés, reached Havana but was too damaged to repair. Few of the survivors made it back to Mexico but there are records of a salvage operation during the summer of 1554 which retrieved about half of the cargo.</p><br>
<h2>Remains</h2><br>
<h3>Santa Maria de Yciar</h3><br>
<h3>Espíritu Santo</h3><br>
<p>The scattered remains of the wooden vessel named Espíritu Santo (Spanish for "Holy Ghost") are buried off Padre Island near Port Mansfield. This vessel, which wrecked in 1554 when part of a treasure flota, lies within the Padre Island National Seashore. The Espíritu Santo was discovered by Vida Lee Connor while scuba diving in 1966. A salvage operation by a private company in 1967 was the subject of a court case and was responsible for the Antiquities Code of Texas, passed by the state legislature in 1969.</p><br>
<h3>San Esteban</h3><br>
<p>The scattered remains of the wooden vessel named San Esteban are buried off Padre Island, near Port Mansfield. This vessel, which wrecked in 1554 when part of a treasure flota, lies within the Padre Island National Seashore. The San Esteban was discovered in the early 1970s during a magnetometer survey of the area arranged by the Underwater Archeological Research Section of the state Antiquities Committee.</p><br>
<p>Larz Anderson Park is a wooded, landscaped, and waterscaped 64 acre parkland in Brookline, Massachusetts that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The southwest corner of the park is in Boston. The park contains playing fields, picnic areas, gardens, waterways, an ice skating rink, and two sites of special interest:</p><br>
<p>Larz Anderson Auto Museum, the oldest automobile collection in the United States</p><br>
<p>Putterham School, a one-room schoolhouse from colonial times</p><br>
<p>As Larz Anderson Park is about a half-mile away from Jamaica Pond it might also be considered a de facto extension of Boston&#39;s Emerald Necklace into the town of Brookline.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The park is set amidst a landscape of ponds and trees are athletic fields, historic buildings and Jack Kirrane ice skating rink. The Boston skyline can be seen from atop the main ridge and the open, rolling hills make the park one of the best kite-flying spots in the area. Brookline requires permits for the use of any of the park&#39;s 12 picnic tables, which offer access to barbecue grills, with a fee for non-residents.</p><br>
<p>The cavernous Carriage House houses the Larz Anderson Auto Museum. A self-guided walking tour brings visitors past museum, the Putterham School, the water garden, Chinese garden, Japanese garden, Italian garden and bowling green.</p><br>
<p>The Jack Kirrane Ice Skating Rink added in 1955, located on the site of the Andersons&#39; Italian Garden, is named for Jack Kirrane, a Brookline native and captain of the 1960 gold medal-winning United States Olympic Ice Hockey team.</p><br>
<p>The project Public Art Comes to Larz Anderson Park sponsored by the Friends of Larz Anderson Park (FLAP) include the art sculptures 18-month installation, such as: June 2018 - December 2019 "Seeking Higher Ground An Avian Avatar" by the Myth Makers artists Donna Dodson and Andy Moerlein and Clown by Joseph Wheelwright (1948-2016)</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cleared and developed as a farm in the 17th century by the Welds, in 1899 the estate was purchased from a fellow Weld Family member by socialite heiress Isabel Weld Perkins and her Paris-born diplomat husband Larz Anderson.</p><br>
<p>Crowning this Brookline property was a twenty-five room mansion overlooking the Boston skyline which the Andersons named "Weld" to honor Isabels grandfather. They remodeled it to resemble Lulworth Castle, an ancestral home associated with the Welds. This became the Andersons home for summers and Christmas holidays.</p><br>
<p>Their gardens, designed by Charles A. Platt, were featured in a 1904 issue of Town & Country. The accompanying photographs show lavishly ornate terraces laid out in Europe style. After Larz served as Ambassador to Japan, the Andersons improved the beautiful property still further and added the Chinese and Japanese gardens, a water garden with koi, sculpture, a polo field, topiary and an outdoor theater.</p><br>
<p>The climbing rose trellis from the gardens is now located in the Minot Rose Garden in Winthrop Square, Brookline.</p><br>
<p>When Isabel Anderson died in 1948, she bequeathed this entire estate to the Town of Brookline, including mansion, land, and a collection of vehicles. Although the mansion became damaged beyond affordable repair and was torn down in 1955, the immense Carriage House and the elegant "Temple of Love" on the shore of the water garden still reflect the charm and magnificence of Weld when the Andersons were alive. Many architectural features of the estate were modeled after historical edifices: monopteros probably modeled after Temple de l&#39;Amour in Versailles, the bridge with broken balustrade, interrupted by flower pots resembles Boboli gardens at Florence. Follie tempietto dome has a central opening oculus like in the Pantheon dome and a rainwater pool impluvium as sundial with vertical brass pole in the center as gnomon and decorated with wall mascaron with water spout as open mouth resembling "Bocca della Verita" from Temple of Hercules Victor.</p><br>
<p>In March 2009, the Larz Anderson Park won the Nicholas Rhodes Park of the Month Award.</p><br>
<p>Between March 2021 and August 2022 the concrete lagoon structures (mainly the two bridges and the tempietto) have been rebuilt.</p><br>
<h2>Auto Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Andersons assembled an extraordinary collection of horse-drawn carriage, sleighs and vintage motorcars. In donating these along with the property, Isabel stipulated that these be known as the "Larz Anderson Collection." Fourteen of the original thirty-two vehicles remain in the collection and are still on display as part of the Larz Anderson Auto Museum</p><br>
<p>Since the grand opening over fifty years ago, the museum has grown into a major New England non-profit educational institution with community events, lectures, childrens programs, walking tours of the park, and an ever-changing series of exhibits on the Andersons, motor vehicles, and the automobiles impact on society and culture.</p><br>
<h2>Putterham School</h2><br>
<p>Built 1768 elsewhere in Brookline and moved to Larz Anderson Park in 1966, the Putterham School is now an educational museum displaying books, teaching aids, schoolroom equipment, exhibits related to the move and other articles of historical interest.</p><br>
<p>From June until October, the school is open from noon until 3 pm on the second and fourth Sundays of each month. Members of the Brookline Historical Society will also open the museum by appointment for school groups and other visitors.</p><br>
<p>Putnam Cottage was also known as Knapp Tavern during the American Revolution. It is located at 243 East Putnam Avenue , on the former route of the Boston Post Road, in Greenwich, Connecticut.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Early records show that in February 1680, a Greenwich Town Meeting ordered Justus Bush, John Lockwood and Joseph Ferris to lay out a township upon the land lying nearby Horseneck Brook, to number twenty home lots of four acres each and a piece of land for a common. Captain Israel Knapp bought the Horseneck property in 1692. Architectural historians have stated that the east front room could have been built prior to this date. A house was built on site possibly during the first quarter of the 1700s.</p><br>
<p>By 1750 the original home had been expanded by Timothy Knapp for use as a small tavern, and was a gathering place for the local Freemasons. It became known as Knapp&#39;s Tavern from 1754 on and during the American Revolution particularly. The tavern served locals, travelers, militia and also many Continental troops during the American Revolutionary War. In 1776, General George Washington stopped there with his troops for lunch, as evidenced by his expense report on file with the Smithsonian Institution.</p><br>
<h2>The American Revolution</h2><br>
<p>Knapp&#39;s Tavern became chiefly associated with General Israel Putnam and his historic escape from the British on February 26, 1779, at the Battle of Horse Neck (Greenwich), at a place close to the tavern.</p><br>
<h3>The Battle of Horse Neck</h3><br>
<p>On the evening of February 24, a battalion of British troops was formed; consisting of companies from the 17th of Foot, the 44th of Foot and the 57th of Foot, also a company of Hessian Guards, a Loyalist company of Emmericks chasseurs and dragoons, and the Loyal American Regiment, plus a small detachment of the royal artillery. Commanded by Major-General William Tryon, the British marched from Kings Bridge, and proceeded to Horse Neck, in Connecticut, where they arrived on the morning of February 26.</p><br>
<p>As the battalion entered the town, they were halted by locals and militia tearing up the bridge at Byram. A company of the 5th Connecticut, and more militia, was stationed on Puts Hill near Knapps Tavern, under the command of General Putnam. The Continentals exchanged fire with the British but soon retired in good order, leaving their three field-pieces (four-pounders) behind them. The British spiked the artillery, and also captured a large quantity of ammunition and stores found nearby.</p><br>
<p>A detachment of the 17th and 44th of Foot was sent into the village of Greenwich, where they destroyed the local saltworks, more military stores, a fishing schooner, and two small ketches; after which they rejoined the rest of the battalion at Elizabeths Point. Determining that more Continental and militia troops would arrive the next morning, Tryon ordered the battalion back to Kings Bridge.</p><br>
<h3>Putnam&#39;s Ride</h3><br>
<p>Gen Putnam was pursued by British dragoons, and was forced to ride down Put&#39;s Hill, in order to elude capture. This historic scene is depicted on the seal of the Town of Greenwich, and the name of Putnam is found throughout the State of Connecticut.</p><br>
<h2>Later history</h2><br>
<p>In the 19th century changes were made to the structure: ceilings were raised, windows were changed, and a porch was added on the front. In 1906, the house was purchased by the Israel Putnam House Association, Inc. Since 1910, the property has been the Historic Preservation Project of the Putnam Hill Chapter Daughters of the American Revolution. The DAR raised funds to restore its 17th century appearance to coincide with the United States Bicentennial in 1976. The Cottage, the colonial garden, and a replica of the outhouse may be viewed by arrangement with the Putnam Hill Chapter DAR.</p><br>
<p>Putnam Cottage is currently maintained as a Revolutionary-era tavern museum open to the public. The museum also provides education in the town&#39;s history as well as recreating drama in the occasional reenactments of Revolutionary War events.</p><br>
<h2>Pictures</h2><br>
<p>The Tivoli Theatre is a landmark building in the Columbia Heights neighborhood of Washington, D.C., on 14th Street and Park Road Northwest. Originally built as a movie theater, it currently  exhibits live stage productions as the home of the GALA Hispanic Theatre.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Tivoli Theatre was designed by prominent New York architect Thomas W. Lamb. It reflects Italian Renaissance revival and Mediterranean Revival architectural styles with its stucco exterior, red tile roof, ornate cornices, and numerous graceful arches. Completed in 1924 at a cost of $1 million, the theater was, until its closing in 1976, one of the most elegant movie houses in Washington, D.C. In addition to the main theater auditorium, the building contained offices on the upper floors and several two-story shops along the 14th Street and Park Road frontages. In the quarter century it has lain vacant, the building has suffered from neglect, extensive vandalism, and severe water damage due to a leaking roof.</p><br>
<p>The history of the Tivoli is closely associated with that of the Knickerbocker Theater, designed by Reginald Geare, and built during the First World War. The owner of the Knickerbocker, theater magnate Harry M. Crandall, operated a chain of movie theaters in Washington. Geare was his primary Washington architect and, in addition to the Knickerbocker, had designed the Metropolitan in 1917 and the Lincoln in 1921. The Knickerbocker was located on the southwest corner of 18th Street and Columbia Road in Adams-Morgan, the present location of a SunTrust Bank.</p><br>
<p>In a brief 24-hour period spanning January 27–28, 1922, a massive storm dropped 26 inches of snow on the city, causing the fragile roof of the Knickerbocker to collapse.</p><br>
<p>Few of the patrons who had filled the theater that evening for a screening of the comedy hit "Get Rich Quick Wallingford" escaped unharmed. In the heaped rubble of the auditorium, 98 people were found dead and 136 injured. Following the collapse of the Knickerbocker, Crandall released Geare as his primary architect, even though Geare had already begun work on a new theater in the fashionable neighborhood of Columbia Heights.</p><br>
<p>In his place, Crandall appointed the reputable young Thomas Lamb from New York as architect for all of his subsequent designs, including the Ambassador, built from the remains of the Knickerbocker, and the Tivoli. Lamb began designing the Tivoli less than six months after the Knickerbocker collapse. Incorporating a new understanding of structural integrity which followed in the wake of the disaster, Lamb designed the Tivoli as three separate bodies-stage, auditorium, and perimeter.</p><br>
<p>The earliest architectural drawings of the Tivoli are labeled Scheme A and date to June 15, 1922, at which point the theater did not have a name but was simply referred to as "Theater Building." Lamb&#39;s original proposal features ornate, decorative detail throughout the exterior. There is far more stucco detail surrounding the numerous windows on the second floor of this original conceptual design.</p><br>
<p>The canopy and marquee from these Scheme A drawings also differ from what was eventually built. The artistic streetscape rendering at the beginning of this series of pages reflects this grand original concept. (These original architectural drawings were found in the archives of the Avery Library of Columbia University, New York City.)</p><br>
<p>Ornate Scheme A drawings were still being produced as late as December 11, 1922. However, by April 12, 1923, the date of the final architectural drawings, the theater building had been given the name Tivoli and the drawings had become simpler and streamlined, nevertheless still fully reflective of the Italian Renaissance style. The change in design was most likely due to constraints imposed by owner Harry M. Crandall, whose initial building cost estimate was $650,000.</p><br>
<p>On Monday December 4, 1923, construction commenced on the Tivoli, which became the ninth in the chain of Washington theaters owned by Crandall. Although the final building was less ornate than the original conceptual drawings, it still cost over $1 million when it was completed in 1924.</p><br>
<p>The cross-section of the exterior reveals the wooden brackets and tin soffits under the eaves of the tile roof, masterful detail easily overlooked given the current condition of the building. One of the grand old palaces of Washington, D.C., the Tivoli was almost saved by a group of local supporters during the 1970s.</p><br>
<h2>History since 1976</h2><br>
<p>In 1976, the Tivoli was closed due to increased deterioration of the theater and the local area. After over 25 years closure, the Tivoli has benefited from a revitalization of the Columbia Heights neighborhood. In 2005, the Tivoli was reopened after an almost six year renovation. The Tivoli is now the home of GALA (Grupo de Artistas LatinoAmericanos) Hispanic Theatre, a local non-profit committed to sharing Hispanic culture through the arts. GALA currently uses the former balcony and there is mixed retail and restaurant use in the rest of the building.</p><br>
<p>The Alabama Governors Mansion is the official residence of the governor of Alabama and the governors family in Montgomery, the capital city of Alabama. The current Governor of Alabama, Kay Ivey lives at the governors mansion. The original governors mansion for Alabama was occupied from 1911 until 1950, when the current mansion was acquired. The current mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places on July 3, 1972.</p><br>
<h2>First residence</h2><br>
<p>The first official residence for Alabamas governor was acquired in 1911. Prior to that time, governors of the state lived in private homes or local hotels during their terms of office. The first residence was built by Moses Sabel in 1906. The house, a Beaux Arts brownstone, was located on the southwest corner of South Perry and South Streets in Montgomery. It was purchased for use as an executive mansion by a special state commission, formed by an act of the Alabama Legislature. This commission was authorized to contract for the construction, purchase, or improvement of a residence and the acquisition of grounds. The former Sabel home cost the state $46,500. Governor Emmet ONeal was the first to occupy the mansion and Jim Folsom was the last. The state relocated the official residence from this house to the former Robert Ligon, Jr. house in 1950. The old residence was then used as state offices for the Adjutant General and the Military Department until May 1959, when the property was sold to Montgomery Academy, a private secondary school. It was subsequently condemned and demolished in 1963 as part of the construction of Interstate 85.</p><br>
<h2>Current residence</h2><br>
<p>The current official residence for the governor replaced the first executive mansion in 1950. Designed in the Classical Revival or Neoclassical style by the architect Weatherly Carter, it was built in 1907 for Robert Fulwood Ligon, Jr., son of General Robert Fulwood Ligon. The house was purchased by the state for $100,000, with an additional $130,000 spent on renovations and furnishings. Governor Gordon Persons and his family were the first to occupy the former Ligon home, assuming possession of it the day of his inauguration, January 15, 1951.</p><br>
<p>The most prominent features of the exterior are a monumental Corinthian composite tetrastyle portico at the front, recessed wrought iron balconies on the second level, and an elaborate Ionic porte-cochère to one side. The interior features 17 primary rooms, with a double staircase leading from the entrance hall to the second level. A formal garden, surrounded by a high ornamental wall, originally covered the entire rear grounds of the property, which extends through the city block to South Court Street. These grounds now feature gardens, a large pergola, a swimming pool in the shape of the state, a guest house, a stone grotto water feature, and tennis courts. The entire property is surrounded by a wrought iron fence, with octagonal guard houses at the main gates.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, Patsy Riley, wife of then-Governor Bob Riley, coordinated an effort to renovate and reopen the Governor&#39;s Mansion to tourists. The mansion had been closed to tourism for almost a decade. She and her "First Lady and Friends of the Mansion" organization raised private funds and donations to finance this effort. It did not involve any taxpayer money.</p><br>
<p>The Alaska Governors Mansion, located at 716 Calhoun Avenue in Juneau, Alaska, United States, is the official residence of the governor of Alaska, the first spouse of Alaska, and their families. It was designed by James Knox Taylor. The Governors Mansion was first occupied in 1912 by Territorial Governor Walter Eli Clark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original budget for the 2½-story 12,900 ft&sup2; frame structure and furnishing was $40,000 and included planned servants quarters and a territorial museum on the third floor which were never built.</p><br>
<p>The first floor includes a reception hall, drawing room, library, dining room, office, kitchen, two pantries, and a conservatory. The second floor contains four large bedrooms, a sewing room and three bathrooms.</p><br>
<p>In 1936 the wood finish of the exterior was plastered over and painted white.</p><br>
<p>Between 1939 and 1940, Tlingit carvers Charlie Tagook and William N. Brown crafted a totem pole that sits outside the mansion on commission from the Civilian Conservation Corps.</p><br>
<p>In 1967-68 two guest suites and one large bedroom were added to the third floor.</p><br>
<p>In 1983 a $2.5 million renovation that restored the interior decor to its original 1912 design also included new heating, electrical, plumbing and security systems.</p><br>
<p>In its current configuration the number of rooms in the mansion, excluding great halls, garages, closets, and bathrooms, is twenty-six. There are ten bathrooms, six bedrooms, and eight fireplaces, amounting to a total area of 14,400 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<h2>Notable visitors</h2><br>
<p>President Warren G. Harding in 1923.</p><br>
<p>Charles Lindbergh in 1969.</p><br>
<p>Former President Gerald Ford in 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Arkansas Governors Mansion is the official residence of the governor of Arkansas and Arkansas first family. The mansion is located at 1800 Center Street in Little Rock, and is included in the Governor&#39;s Mansion Historic District, a district that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Notable former residents include later president Bill Clinton and politician turned TV presenter Mike Huckabee.</p><br>
<p>Until 1950, the State of Arkansas did not have an official residence for its governor.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1947, Act 257 of the Arkansas General Assembly established a Governors Mansion Commission with an appropriation of $100,000.00. The site was the former location of the Arkansas School for the Blind, which had moved to new quarters near the citys Pulaski Heights neighborhood. The architects were Frank J. Ginocchio, Jr. and Edwin B. Cromwell. Little Rock insurance and television executive Clyde E. Lowry led the effort to raise funds to build the mansion.</p><br>
<p>The architectural style of the mansion is Georgian Revival, colonial type. The main material of the exterior is brick. Construction began in December 1947 (incorporating 300,000 bricks from the original School for the Blind structures), and the Governor&#39;s Residence became operational officially on January 10, 1950. The first governor to reside here was Sidney S. McMath, who moved in on February 3, 1950. Significant additions to the mansion were completed during the administration of Mike Huckabee (1996-2007).</p><br>
<p>From 1986 to 1993, footage of the mansion was used for the television program Designing Women to represent the Atlanta home of character Suzanne Sugarbaker, played by Delta Burke, and in later seasons, the home of Anthony Bouvier, played by Meshach Taylor. In 2008, footage of the mansion was also used for the television program 30 Rock to represent the home of a character played by Steve Martin.</p><br>
<p>The H. P. Luckett House is a Queen Anne style house located in Bastrop, Texas. The 14-room house was built around 1892 for Dr. H.P. Luckett, a prominent citizen who had practiced medicine in the town for almost 50 years. The structure was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on December 22, 1978, and designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The site of the Luckett house was originally occupied by the Bastrop Academy, one of the leading schools in Texas. Citizens of Bastrop founded the academy in 1851 and the school received its charter on January 24, 1852. It was rechartered under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in 1853. In 1856, the male part of the academy became the Bastrop Military Institute, which trained young men for service during the Civil War. After the war, the Institute moved to Austin and the City of Bastrop purchased the property. The city used the buildings for a variety of schools, until a public school system was established in 1892, and the city sold off the property.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Luckett purchased the site and demolished the existing structures. The home he built cost $14,000 and featured carved entry doors and millwork brought in by flatcar from Houston.</p><br>
<p>The house last sold in 1983. The new owners were just the third family to live in the house in over 100 years.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the house was used in a national Verizon Wireless television advertisement campaign as part of the "Don&#39;t be afraid of dead zones" series.</p><br>
<p>Putterham School, built 1768, is a one room schoolhouse in Brookline, Massachusetts. Originally built at the juncture of Grove and Newton Streets, in 1966 the school was moved from its original site to its present location at Larz Anderson Park.</p><br>
<h2>Use</h2><br>
<p>The Colonial American structure served as a schoolhouse for many generations, but the original name of the school is uncertain. There is evidence that the schoolhouse also served as a house of worship twice in the 20th century: in 1938 as a Catholic church, and sometime after World War II as a synagogue.</p><br>
<p>Florence Palmer Peabody (1890-1980), chair of the Putterham School Committee of the Brookline Historical Society and a student at the Putterham School in the late 1890s, wrote an article entitled "When I Went to School" that appeared in the 1960 Proceedings of the Brookline Historical Society. In that article she presents the following account of her research:</p><br>
<p>"The building was one room, with a huge barrel stove in the back. The iron chimney ran along under most of the length of the ceiling before turning at right angles to go through the roof. Still nearer the front of the room, a huge ventilator pierced the roof and ceiling, which must have made the temperature around the teachers desk a bit more comfortable than it had been before its installation. This school was originally built, according to school records, in 1768, although as early as 1713 permission was given to the residents of the south part of the town to build themselves a school house. In 1768, help in the building was offered and a teacher assigned. In 1839, it was enlarged. For 1854, I find this paragraph: The Newton street house is large enough for the very small school it now contains; but the ceiling is so low, and the building so ill ventilated, that it Is unhealthy even for that small number. Justice to that district requires that an appropriation should be voted, sufficient to defray the expense of raising the roof, and also of providing it with comfortable modern desks and chairs, in place of the uneasy plank structures on which the children now sit."</p><br>
<p>"This suggested work seems to have been done, as in the following year we read: The ceiling has been raised eighteen inches; the windows have been enlarged; and the old uncomfortable desks and tables have been replaced by some which were formerly used in the schools in the Town Hall. I think the school, as I remember it, was about as these changes left it. We entered through a short, narrow hallway at the back of the school. This hall had hooks for clothes on one side and a shelf on the other, on one end of which was kept a large bucket of fresh water for drinking purposes. This was brought over from the high service pumping station next door each morning, Mr. Webber, engineer there, being the janitor for the little school. He was in league with Miss Hyde, I am sure, to make our days in that school some of the happiest and most worthwhile of any of our school days. Rudimentary sanitation was attempted. Each pupil was required to have an individual drinking cup. Wood for the huge stove was kept outside in a sort of closet in the hall, west of the entrance. If the day&#39;s supply which was left in the morning beside the stove gave out, the older boys could renew it. Then, still further along at the end of the hall, was our one out-of-door facility. Another was added during the years I was there."</p><br>
<h2>Alterations</h2><br>
<p>As mentioned, the school has been altered several times since its construction in the 18th century. The original one-room design was enlarged in 1840 by with a rear addition. A foyer was added in 1847 for storing coal or wood. In 1855, the ceiling in the schoolroom was raised, the windows were enlarged, and the desks and chairs were repaired. A double privy was built around 1898, probably replacing an earlier single privy.</p><br>
<h2>The move</h2><br>
<p>The Brookline Board of Selectmen and the Brookline Historical Society worked in conjunction with Race Architectural Restoration Enterprises, Inc. (R.A.R.E., Inc.) to successfully accomplish the task of moving the delicate, historically important structure. The project took years of planning and preparation prior to the actual move.</p><br>
<p>The building was reset on a solid stone foundation. The windows were outfitted with genuine antique glass. Structural repairs were made to counter the effects of two centuries of deterioration. The red paint that currently adorns the building was blended to match the originally shade revealed by paint scrapings.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today the Brookline Historical Society maintains Putterham School as an educational museum displaying books, teaching aids, schoolroom equipment and other articles of historical interest.</p><br>
<p>From June until October, the school is open from noon until 3 pm on the second and fourth Sundays of each month. Members of the Brookline Historical Society will also open the museum by appointment for school groups and other visitors.</p><br>
<p>The Church of Saint Mary the Virgin is an Episcopal Anglo-Catholic church in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, which is part of the Episcopal Diocese of New York of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America. The church complex is located in the heart of Times Square at 133-145 West 46th Street, with other buildings of the complex at 136-144 West 47th Street, between Sixth and Seventh Avenues. It is colloquially known as "Smoky Mary&#39;s" because of the amount of incense used in the services.</p><br>
<p>Completed in 1895, the church has been called "one of the finest Gothic-inspired designs of New York&#39;s late 19th century". and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. In 2022, it reported 300 members, average attendance of 112, and $600,375 in plate and pledge income.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Original church</h3><br>
<p>The Society of the Free Church of Saint Mary the Virgin in the New York City was incorporated on December 3, 1868. Thomas McKee Brown wanted to build a church in New York City dedicated to expressing the full witness of Catholic thought in ritual and teaching within the Episcopal Church. A year after his ordination, Brown brought his plan to the Bishop of New York, Horatio Potter, who suggested that a church was needed near Longacre Square – which was renamed Times Square in 1905 – on the west side of what is now Midtown. John Jacob Astor gave three lots on West 45th Street between Seventh and Eighth Avenues, "stipulating that the Church should be free, and positively orthodox in management and working."</p><br>
<p>On April 6, 1868, the cornerstone was laid for the first church, located at 228 West 45th Street, which is today the site of the Booth Theatre. The rector and trustees named the church for the Blessed Virgin Mary. The first church was designed by William T. Hallett, and was dedicated on December 8, 1870, the Feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Potter was unable to officiate at the service, but his place was taken by Horatio Southgate, the Episcopal Church&#39;s former missionary bishop to the Ottoman Empire.</p><br>
<p>After the Episcopalians left the church on West 45th Street, it became the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer and then Fifth Church of Christ, Scientist.</p><br>
<h3>New church</h3><br>
<p>By 1890, the congregation had outgrown the church on West 45th Street. In 1892, the late Miss Sara L. Cooke, a member of the parish, left the church a legacy which eventually amounted to $700,000, in addition to real estate. Brown and the other trustees decided to use this legacy to fund a new church on an eight-lot parcel running through from 46th to 47th Streets. The new complex was to include a rectory at the 47th Street end of the lot, a clergy house for curates and assistants and a mission house for the sisters. The style would be French Gothic of the 13th and 14th centuries, with a church seating 800 people.</p><br>
<p>Erecting this building was a challenge to the architectural firm of Napoleon LeBrun & Sons, with Pierre LeBrun as the lead designer, because of its size and the location. The LeBrun firm had experience working with steel framing, which is buried within the walls, making it the first church in the world built on a concealed steel skeleton, "redefining the conventional methods of church construction." The facade of the church is clad in limestone, while the other buildings in the complex are brick-faced.</p><br>
<p>The cornerstone for the new church was laid on December 8, 1894, and the church was dedicated in 1895. The completed church was 60 ft wide and 180 ft long, and the nave was 80 ft from floor to ceiling and 46 ft wide. The chancel, at the north end of the building, was 48 ft deep, terminating with the marble high altar moved from the former church. Complementing LeBrun&#39;s design were many sculptural decorations by J. Massey Rhind.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Today, Saint Marys is known for its solemn liturgies and choral and organ music. Solemn High Mass and Solemn Evensong and Benediction are celebrated on Sundays, and Mass is offered daily. Because of the copious use of incense, the church is sometimes referred to as "Smoky Marys". In 1996-97, the interior of the church was restored by J. Lawrence Jones & Associates, resulting in vivid colors, including cobalt blue vaulting with gold stars.</p><br>
<h2>Music</h2><br>
<p>The choir of the Church of Saint Mary the Virgin is a professional ensemble that sings music for the liturgy. At each Solemn Mass, the plainchant is sung in the original Latin. The choir&#39;s repertoire of Masses and motets stretches from the Middle Ages to works by living composers.</p><br>
<p>A number of musicians have served as organist and music director at the parish, among them McNeil Robinson, Kyler Brown, Christopher Babcock, Robert McCormick, James Kennerley, and Simon Whalley. The current organist and music director is David Hurd.</p><br>
<p>Camp Moore, north of the Village of Tangipahoa near Kentwood, Louisiana, was a Confederate training base and principal base of operations in eastern Louisiana and southwestern Mississippi. The base was named for Louisiana Governor Thomas Overton Moore. It operated from May 1861 to 1864 during the American Civil War. Confederate monuments were erected at the cemetery and on the grounds in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>This location was chosen for development of the camp due to its relatively high ground elevation, abundance of fresh drinking water, and nearness to the then New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern Railroad line.</p><br>
<p>A small portion of the camp remains, containing the Camp Moore Confederate Cemetery and Museum. The state built the museum at the site in 1965, which displays and interprets area Confederate history. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It is still owned by the state, but is operated under lease by a private non-profit.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>Confederate President Jefferson Davis authorized establishment of. It was developed near a railroad line for ready access to transportation for troops, supplies and equipment.</p><br>
<p>The thousands of troops who were organized and trained at Camp Moore included the regiments that later constituted the Louisiana Tigers from Calcasieu Parish. As many as 20,000 men from Louisiana were trained at Camp Moore before fighting in battles in Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, and Arkansas. Troops from Mississippi and Arkansas were also trained at the base.</p><br>
<p>Many of the Confederate soldiers buried in the cemetery died of various diseases. In the center of the cemetery stands a monument which was dedicated in 1907. The monument measures 22.5 ft tall. On top of the monument is a statue of a Confederate private soldier that is 6 ft tall.</p><br>
<p>The log house was built in 1929, as a chapter house for Chapter No. 562 of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. Next to the log house stands a monument to area Confederate soldiers, which was dedicated in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1965 and designated as a State Commemorative Area, the museum contains artifacts from the Civil War and regional history. In 1986, Governor Edwards closed the site, along with other commemorative areas across the State, during a state monetary crunch.</p><br>
<p>The Camp Moore Museum, Memorial, and cemetery is located on US 51 approximately 8 mi south of the Louisiana/Mississippi state line. The property comprises approximately 6.2 acre. The Museum is open to the public for tours, Wednesday through Saturday 10:00 am to 3:00 pm, and closed on major holidays. An annual Civil War re-enactment is held annually on the weekend before Thanksgiving. This two-day event, held on Saturday and Sunday, features scripted battles, living history displays, and memorial ceremonies.</p><br>
<p>Saint Annes Hill Historic District is part of the Historic Inner East neighborhood in Dayton, Ohio, United States. St. Annes Hill constitutes a grouping of both vernacular and high style Victorian residences which date roughly from 1860 to the early 20th century. Having originally been platted in 1802 by German immigrants, the neighborhood is significant for its German heritage. Stivers School for the Arts is located within St. Anne&#39;s Hill.</p><br>
<h2>Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The area was first recognized by the city as a local historical neighborhood in 1974, via the City of Dayton Ordinance #24688. St. Anne&#39;s Hill was registered on the National Register of Historic Places (No. 86001214) in 1986. The designated area is bounded by Fourth, McClure, Josie, and High and Dutoit Streets. The historic district consists of roughly 14 blocks, containing 333 properties as of 2014.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The architecture of St. Anne&#39;s Hill Historic District includes examples of the Second Empire, Romanesque and Queen Anne eras. Notable buildings include The Steamboat House at 6 Josie Street and the Bossler Mansion (built in 1869) at 136 S. Dutoit Street. Every other year, the neighborhood runs tours of the historic homes, with guides in Victorian costumes, to raise funds for the local historic society.</p><br>
<h2>Parks</h2><br>
<p>Bomberger Park is a notable feature of St. Anne&#39;s Hill. During the Great Dayton Flood of 1913, boats were docked in Bomberger Park with evacuees. In the 1930s, the park featured a notable wading pool with a colonnade, though none of these structures now exist. The park now contains tennis and basketball courts, a baseball diamond, soccer field and playground. In 2012, the City of Dayton sold the adjacent Bomberger Center (constructed in 1956) to the Ahiska Turkish American Community Center of Dayton.</p><br>
<p>There are also several other parks inside the district including Freds Park, Alices Park, Terry Street Park, and Victorian Park.</p><br>
<h2>Businesses</h2><br>
<p>Since 2013, St. Annes Hill has seen increasing numbers of small businesses opening on 5th Street. Fifth Street Brewpub, a co-op pub, opened in 2013, and is credited with establishing the area as a viable business destination. Gem City Catfé, a cat café with coffee, wine, and adoptable cats, opened in January 2018. It was followed by the antique store Harrys Collection in March 2018, and the bakery and café St. Anne&#39;s the Tart in 2019.</p><br>
<p>The Toolesboro Mound Group, a National Historic Landmark, is a group of Havana Hopewell culture earthworks on the north bank of the Iowa River near its discharge into the Mississippi. The mounds are owned and displayed to the public by the State Historical Society of Iowa. The mound group is located east of Wapello, Iowa, near the unincorporated community of Toolesboro.</p><br>
<h2>Building the mounds</h2><br>
<p>The mouth of the Iowa River was a superb location for people skilled in hunting and the gathering of food. Wild plants living in the rich alluvial soil of the two rivers could be supplemented with fish, shellfish, and waterfowl.</p><br>
<p>The Hopewell culture was a Native American celebration of the economic surplus, in food and other goods, created by harvesting the natural wealth of the American Midwest. Native Americans, in the Hopewell period, buried their dead in earthen mounds, accompanied by grave goods that displayed their status and possibly their religious and social leadership.</p><br>
<p>Grave goods discovered in Hopewell mounds include copper from Lake Superior, sea shells from the Gulf of Mexico, mica from the Appalachian Mountains, and obsidian from the region of what is now Yellowstone National Park.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that the Hopewell Interaction Sphere had extensive trading relationships that enabled them to transfer large quantities of high-status goods across wide sections of the North American continent. The Hopewell of the Toolesboro area would have been able to export blades cut from local flint. Local freshwater pearls were another highly prized item, exported and distributed over a wide area.</p><br>
<p>The surviving mounds of the Toolesboro Mound Group were built by the Havana Hopewell culture sometime between 200 BCE and 100 CE. The status of the people buried in the mounds indicates that the mounds were raised by people working within an organized community with an established social hierarchy. It is believed that there is likely to have been a Hopewell village located nearby, but as of December 2006 the location of this village had not yet been identified. Archeologists conjecture that the Iowa River, shifting its course frequently during the following two millennia and spreading alluvial silt over its path, may have flooded or buried the site.</p><br>
<h2>After the Hopewell</h2><br>
<p>Since the original construction, other groups of people have been associated with the site. Close by is an earth work referred to as "the old fort" that was considered to be a part of the Toolesboro Hopewellian mound group. It is considered possible that this was actually constructed about a thousand years later by a different Native American group, the Oneota. To support this, there are two other sites in close vicinity, McKinney and Poison Ivy, that are both Oneota sites.</p><br>
<h2>Preserving the mounds</h2><br>
<p>Americans exploring the Mississippi valley found a wide variety of Hopewell mounds up and down the river bluffs. Almost all of them were destroyed, either by careless excavation, grave robbery, or by the agricultural plow. In the late 1800s, the Toolesboro Mound Group was inexpertly excavated by the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, which recovered some artifacts.</p><br>
<p>Early records describe as many as 12 mounds near Toolesboro. Subsequent settlement and excavation have reduced that number to seven. The family of George M. Mosier, a local land owner, donated a parcel of land containing the mound group to the state of Iowa. In 1966, the Toolesboro Mound Group was listed as a National Historic Landmark, and in 1969 a small visitor center and parking lot were built near the site. The state has designated the Historical Society of Iowa as custodian of the site.</p><br>
<p>Of the seven mounds, only two are visible on the grounds of the Educational Center. The remaining five are located in an adjacent woodlot, and are separated by a wire fence from the Educational Center.</p><br>
<p>The Toolesboro Mound Group is a grave site of the Native Americans of the United States. The Historical Society welcomes visitors to the site, but requests that they not walk on or near the mounds themselves.</p><br>
<p>The site&#39;s address is 6568 Toolesboro Road, Wapello, Iowa.</p><br>
<p>The Strand Theater is a vaudeville theater located at 400 Clifton Avenue in Lakewood Township, Ocean County, New Jersey. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 22, 1982, for its significance in architecture, art, and theater.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The theater was designed by Thomas W. Lamb, and built for the Ferber Amusement Company in 1922 as a place for pre-Broadway runs of shows. The next show was a pre-Broadway run of "The Devine Cook" starring Florence Reed.</p><br>
<p>Within a few years of its opening, the Strand began to host vaudeville shows and silent films. Among the stars who appeared on the Strand&#39;s stage early in their careers included Burns and Allen, Milton Berle, and Ray Bolger.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the theater became a cinema house, and omitted the vaudeville acts. As suburban multiplex movie theaters were built, the single screen theater lost its audience. During its economic decline it became an adult movie theater in the 1970s. In 1981 the theater was added to the List of Registered Historic Places in New Jersey. The theater received a $2.4 million grant from the New Jersey Economic Development Authority in 1994 for restoration of its Neo-classical and Art Deco interiors. The theater serves as the Ocean County Center for the Arts.</p><br>
<p>The Tinker Swiss Cottage is a historic house museum and park in Rockford, Illinois, United States. It was built as a personal residence by Robert Hall Tinker between 1865 and 1870. It is now a popular destination for school groups, general tours, and for rentals.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Robert Hall Tinker was born on December 31, 1836, in Honolulu to missionary parents, the Reverend Reuben Tinker (1799–1854) and his wife Mary Throop Wood Tinker (1809–1895).</p><br>
<p>Tinker moved to Rockford in 1856, where he was employed as an accountant by Mary Dorr Manny, the wealthy widow of John H. Manny of the Manny Reaper Works.</p><br>
<p>Robert Tinker traveled extensively throughout Europe in 1862 and was greatly impressed by the estates and gardens he had seen there. On his return to Rockford, Tinker built himself a 27-room, two-storey Swiss-style cottage on a limestone bluff overlooking Kent Creek. In 1870 Robert and Mary were married, becoming one of Rockford&#39;s most influential couples. Tinker was mayor of Rockford in 1875, a founding member of the Rockford Park District and the CEO of the Northwest and I.C. Rail lines.</p><br>
<p>Mary Dorr Manny Tinker died in 1901 and Robert remarried her niece Jessie Dorr Hurd Tinker. His second wife adopted a son, Theodore "Teddy" Tinker in 1908. Upon Robert Tinker&#39;s death in 1924, Jessie created a partnership with the Rockford Park District, allowing her to remain in the house until her death. After her death in 1942 the Rockford Park District acquired the property and opened the home as a museum in 1943.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The home was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on December 27, 1972.</p><br>
<p>Most striking is the interior for its dimensions including the high ceilings, angled roof, and unique designs in many of the first floor rooms. Many elements of the house were created or inspired by the ideas of Tinker, including the walnut spiral staircase which Robert himself made out of a single piece of wood and the rooms with rounded corners. The museum contains all the original objects belonging to the family, from furniture and artwork, to clothing and diaries.</p><br>
<h2>Media</h2><br>
<p>Tinker Swiss Cottage was featured on season 8, episode 20 of Ghost Hunters, and offers monthly paranormal tours.</p><br>
<p>The Old Mobile Site was the location of the French settlement La Mobile and the associated Fort Louis de La Louisiane, in the French colony of New France in North America, from 1702 until 1712. The site is located in Le Moyne, Alabama, on the Mobile River in the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta. The settlement served as the capital of French Louisiana from 1702 until 1711, when the capital was relocated to the site of present-day Mobile, Alabama. The settlement was founded and originally governed by Pierre Le Moyne dIberville. Upon the death of dIberville , the settlement was governed by his younger brother, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville. The site can be considered a French counterpart to the English colonial settlement at Jamestown, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The settlement site and fort were listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 6, 1976. The Old Mobile Site was determined eligible for designation as a National Historic Landmark on January 3, 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Factors leading to founding of Mobile</h3><br>
<p>Following the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, Spain&#39;s power began to wane, allowing France to play an increasingly dominant role in Continental Europe while England became more active in the New World. Under Louis XIV and his brilliant ministers, France created an army which intimidated Continental Europe and a navy which was strong enough to support the exploration and settlement of Canada. In 1608, the French flag flew over Quebec.</p><br>
<p>Jesuit missionaries spread out to convert the Indians. Three such missionaries, Father Jacques Marquette, Father Joseph Limoges, and Louis Jolliet explored the Mississippi River. René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle floated down the river in 1682 and claimed the entire Mississippi basin for France in the name of Louis XIV. France soon realized that in order to counter English and Spanish influence in the region and to protect Louisiana and the Mississippi River they needed a fort on the Gulf of Mexico.</p><br>
<p>After the ascent of William and Mary to the throne of England in 1688, hostilities between England and France grew, increasing the urgency for a French settlement on the Gulf Coast. By controlling the Gulf Coast, the Alabama river valleys, the Mississippi River, the Ohio Valley, and Canada, France could surround the English and confine them to the Eastern Seaboard. The stakes, vast reaches of land and the lucrative Indian fur trade, were enormous.</p><br>
<h3>The Le Moyne brothers: Iberville and Bienville</h3><br>
<p>Pierre Le Moyne dIberville was born in Montreal to a French emigrant. During the first of the French and Indian Wars, King Williams War, he attacked the English in North America with such ferocity and success that he became a hero in the French royal court. With his seamanship and leadership, he was a natural choice to lead the proposed French settlement.</p><br>
<p>The younger brother of Iberville was Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, an energetic man with a clear perception of his responsibilities. Consistent with the autocratic nature of the French government, Bienville ruled with authority when governor of Louisiana. Despite this style of governance, he inspired loyalty from his followers. He supported the Jesuits but was also willing to use them to his advantage. An understanding of Indian culture and Indian languages allowed him to establish friendships and alliances with Indian tribes. While normally kind and gentle, Bienville could also be cruel, causing men to both respect and fear him.</p><br>
<p>Two additional Le Moyne brothers, Joseph Le Moyne de Sérigny and Antoine Le Moyne de Châteaugué, contributed to Old Mobile by successfully repelling attacks by Indian tribes and English and Spanish forces.</p><br>
<h3>Exploration and site selection</h3><br>
<p>Shortly after King William&#39;s War had ended, Iberville sailed from Brest, France, with orders to establish a fort at the mouth of the Mississippi River. Accompanying Iberville on the voyage were Bienville, soldiers, and 200 colonists (including four women and children). The Le Moyne brothers arrived in Pensacola Bay on January 27, 1699, and were surprised to find that Spaniards from Vera Cruz had arrived three months earlier.</p><br>
<p>The French sailed on to Mobile Point (located at the western extreme of the peninsula that extends across much of Mobile Bay&#39;s mouth) and cast anchor on January 31 at the "mouth of La Mobilla". The group scouted a large island that, due to finding a group of 60 corpses on the island, Iberville named "Massacre Island" (later renamed "Dauphin Island"). From the top of an oak tree, Iberville could observe brackish water flowing from a river into the bay. He did not, however, detect the harbor on the northeast side of the island. After determining that the bay was too shallow, the party sailed onward.</p><br>
<p>The sailing party next visited the area of present-day Biloxi, Mississippi (or Old Biloxi). On March 2, 1699, Iberville discovered the mouth of the Mississippi and sailed up the river looking for a suitable landing site. Based on the low and marshy banks, it was concluded that no suitable location for a settlement was available in the area. After retracing his route to Biloxi, Iberville landed and constructed Fort Maurepas, a crude fort of squared logs. This fort would serve as Iberville&#39;s base for additional exploration of the coastal areas. After encounters with English ships on the Lower Mississippi, Iberville ordered Bienville to construct an additional fort. The French occupied Fort de la Boulaye in 1700. The accounts of André Pénicaut, a carpenter traveling with Iberville, reveal that "illnesses were becoming frequent" in the summer heat necessitating a move to higher ground.</p><br>
<p>Pénicaut was with a scouting party that discovered a "spot on high ground" near an Indian village approximately 20 mi up the Mobile River. The location provided higher ground than Fort Maurepas and provided the additional benefit of allowing closer contact to the Indians and easier observation of the English colonists from Carolina. The French located the harbor on Massacre Island and named it Port Dauphin. They began moving the settlement from Fort Maurepas in 1702. Since shallow areas caused by silt from the rivers and a treacherous, shifting bar near Mobile Point made navigation by ocean-going vessels extremely dangerous, supplies were offloaded at Port Dauphin and then transported by smaller boats up the Mobile River.</p><br>
<p>Iberville&#39;s positive assessment of the selected location is apparent from the observations in his journals translated by Richebourg Gaillard McWilliams. Iberville first visited the bluff on March 3, 1702, approximately six weeks after construction of the new settlement had begun:</p><br>
<p>The settlement is on a ridge more than 20 feet above the water, wooded with mixed trees: white and red oak, laurel, sassafras, basswood, hickory, particularly a great many pines suitable for masts. This ridge and all the land about it are exceedingly good.</p><br>
<p>Writing about land north of the settlement, Iberville observed:</p><br>
<p>I have found the land good all along, the banks being flooded in some places. The greater part of the banks is covered with cypress trees, which are very fine, tall thick, straight. All the islands, too, are covered with cypresses, oaks, and other trees.</p><br>
<p>He also found the area to be well-suited to agricultural development:</p><br>
<p>Above the settlement, I have found almost everywhere, on both banks, abandoned Indian settlements, where one has only to settle farmers, who will have no more to do than cut canes or reeds or bramble before they sow.</p><br>
<h3>Founding of Mobile and Fort Louis de la Louisiane</h3><br>
<p>Charles Levasseur, a skilled draftsman with knowledge of the Mobile area, designed and built the new fort at Twenty-Seven Mile Bluff. The square fort, equipped with cannons on each corner, enclosed residential buildings for soldiers and officers, a house utilized as a chapel, and a warehouse. Behind Fort Louis de la Louisiana, a village (commonly called "La Mobile") was laid out in a grid pattern.</p><br>
<p>In 1704, Nicolas de la Salle conducted a census which revealed additional details regarding the settlement and its occupants. The structures identified in the census comprised a guardhouse, a forge, a gunsmith shop, a brick kiln, and eighty one-story wooden houses. The occupants included 180 men, 27 families with ten children, eleven Native American slave boys and girls, and numerous farm animals.</p><br>
<h3>The struggle to survive and expand</h3><br>
<p>Coureurs de bois from Canada avoided agricultural labor while the settlers were often unfamiliar with farming. In order to compensate for this lack of capabilities, slavery was utilized at La Mobile. Initially, native slaves were utilized for the clearing of land and tilling of fields. By 1710, the population of La Mobile included 90 Native American slaves and servants. Ultimately, the Native Americans proved physically and temperamentally unsuitable for the work resulting in the importation of African slaves.</p><br>
<p>Due to wars (particularly the War of the Spanish Succession) and English control of the seas, communications between Mobile and Paris were tenuous. For a 3-year period of time, Mobile received no supply ships from France. Although Mobile had experienced difficulties in establishing successful farming, local agriculture was necessary to sustain the colony. In order to prevent starvation, hunting and fishing were often necessary. Occasionally, the French resorted to purchasing food from the Spanish in Pensacola (to which they had loaned supplies) or in Havana.</p><br>
<p>Although the Mobilian Native Americans were friendly, other Native American tribes, such as the Alabama tribe, frequently attacked the fort as well as hunting or scouting parties. Primarily through the efforts of Henri de Tonti, the French became adept with Native American diplomacy. Bienville used entertainment and gifts to purchase Native American loyalty and to establish an alliance against the English. In 1700, the French signed an alliance with the Choctaw tribe. In 1702, the French were able to temporarily reconcile the Choctaws and Chickasaws just before the resumption of hostilities between the English and French. Additionally, the French interacted with the Apalachee, Tomeh, Chacato, Oumas, and Tawasa tribes. The interaction was detrimental to the regional Native American population which dropped from 5,000 in 1702 to 2,000 in 1711 due primarily to smallpox and other diseases introduced by the colonists.</p><br>
<p>Iberville left the region for the last time in June 1702.</p><br>
<p>He subsequently recommended to the French government that one hundred "young and well-bred" women be sent to Mobile to marry the Canadians and increase the population by bearing children. In 1704, the women (selected from orphanages and convents) along with more soldiers and supplies departed La Rochelle aboard the Pélican. After a harrowing trip across the Atlantic Ocean, passengers were infected with yellow fever in Havana. As the feverish and sick began to die, the Pélican arrived at Massacre Island. The "twenty-three virtuous maidens", later to become known to history as "casquette girls", and their chaperones, "two grey nuns", finally arrived at Fort Louis. Their arrival was not "the glorious occasion that either the inhabitants of Mobile or the young women from Paris had envisioned". The young women were not prepared for the primitive wilderness. The hierarchy of French society remained present, as social prejudices in the settlement, and prevented development of the cooperative spirit necessary for success under the conditions of the colony. Missing the luxuries of France (such as French bread) and resenting the realities of the colony (such as cornbread), the women engaged in a "Petticoat Revolution" that "taxed Bienville&#39;s patience and ingenuity". However, the French government continued to send women to boost the population. The women were often referred to as "casquette girls" in reference to the small trunks called "cassettes" in French, in which some of the women brought their possessions.</p><br>
<p>The yellow fever epidemic claimed the lives of both Charles Levasseur and Henri de Tonti. The deaths represented a great loss to Bienville and the settlement. Upon the death of Iberville to yellow fever in Havana in July 1706, Bienville became governor of Louisiana at the age of 27. Although he had only spent a total of 25 days in the settlement, the death of Iberville was a blow to the colony since he had represented the concerns of Louisiana in Europe and was able to win concessions for the struggling town from the French court.</p><br>
<p>After Ibervilles death, Jérôme Phélypeaux de Maurepas de Pontchartrain, minister for North American colonial affairs under King Louis XIV, received complaints from Henri Roulleaux de La Vente, curé of Old Mobile, and Nicolas de La Salle, keeper of the royal warehouse, regarding questionable trading practices of the Le Moyne brothers to the detriment of the colony. Based on the accusations, Pontchartrain appointed Nicolas Daneau, sieur de Muy as the new governor of Louisiana and Jean-Baptiste-Martin Dartaguiette dIron as a special commissioner to investigate the charges. The new governor died at sea before reaching Mobile. Although Dartaguiette dIron did reach Mobile, he was unable to substantiate the charges against the Le Moyne brothers and Bienville remained in charge of Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>By 1708, Bienville realized the growing English threat to the fledgling colony at Mobile, having received news of raids by English colonists against Spanish missions in Florida which had reduced Spains Floridian presence to the colonial settlement of St. Augustine. Suspecting that the English would soon launch an expedition against Mobile, Bienville undertook steps to strengthen the settlements defences. In the first week of May 1709, the Alabama tribe, who were allied with the English, attacked a village of the Mobilian tribe 13 mi north of Old Mobile. The Mobilians were able to drive the attacking Alabama tribesmen away, however.</p><br>
<p>The occupants of the settlement began to complain about its location. Particularly, they felt that the settlement was too far from the bay and that the land was too poorly drained, requiring several weeks after each rain for the standing water to drain.</p><br>
<h3>Abandonment of Old Mobile site</h3><br>
<p>In 1710, an English privateer from Jamaica captured Port Dauphin, confiscated the supplies, food, and deer skins, looted the citizens, burned the houses and sailed away. Fort Louis received the news by canoe several days later. The possibility of moving the fort closer to the bay and abandoning the vulnerable Port Dauphin were discussed.</p><br>
<p>In the spring of 1711, a flood rushed into Fort Louis forcing soldiers and citizens to seek safety in the trees. The houses of the settlement were submerged to the top of their roofs for nearly a month.</p><br>
<p>Bienville selected the location where the river meets the bay and surveyed a town. It was once theorized that soldiers and colonists dismantled houses and the fort and moved the timber and supplies down the river. However, archaeological evidence now indicates that all excavated structures were burned in place. By the middle of 1712, the relocation was complete. Gradually, La Mobile reverted to wilderness.</p><br>
<h2>La Mobile</h2><br>
<p>At its peak the town of Old Mobile (La Mobile) had a population of approximately 350 inhabitants occupying between 80 and 100 structures. City plans from 1702 and 1704-1705 reveal widely dispersed houses set on large lots arranged in a grid pattern. Iberville and Levasseur divided the land into large square blocks approximately 320 by. These blocks were further subdivided into lots of various sizes and shapes. The plots were generally assigned to the inhabitants based on their occupation or role in the colonial town. For example, carpenters occupied a district on the northwest side, Canadians and voyageurs lived toward the western outskirts, and administrative personnel and officers were grouped in close proximity to the fort or within the fort. A large market square with a well was located at the southwest corner of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Louis de la Louisiane</h2><br>
<p>Fort Louis de la Louisiane served as the political, military, and religious center of the settlement. The fort housed the residences of Bienville and his officers and soldiers as well as a chapel and several other structures.</p><br>
<p>A detailed description of Fort Louis can be found in the narrative of André Pénicaut:</p><br>
<p>This fort was sixty toises square. At each of the four corners there was a battery of six pieces of cannon which, protruding outside in a half circle, covered the sector in front and to right and left. Inside, within the curtains, were four fronts of buildings fifteen feet back from the curtains behind them. These buildings were to be used as chapel, as quarters for the commandant and the officers, as warehouses, as guardhouse. So, in the midst of these buildings there was a place d&#39;armes forty-five toises square.</p><br>
<p>The fort bastions were constructed using pièce-sur-pièce techniques. In pièce-sur-pièce construction, timbers with tenons (projections) cut on each end are laid atop one another horizontally. The tenons are inserted into vertical grooves in periodically spaced vertical posts (coulisse). The fort was surrounded by a palisade fence. Due to the damp conditions of the site, wooden structures rotted quickly necessitating replacement of the bastion timbers and palisade posts at approximately five-year intervals. By 1705, Bienville noted that the rotting wood of the fort made firing of the cannons unsafe. To prepare for the coming conflict with the English, the fort was repaired in 1707. Within a year, however, the bastions of the fort were severely rotted and could barely support the weight of the cannons. As the English threat intensified, the size of the fort was increased by a third so that it could accommodate all of the residents of Old Mobile and the surrounding allied Indian tribes.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology of the Old Mobile Site</h2><br>
<h3>Location of the Old Mobile Site</h3><br>
<p>Until the later part of the 20th century, the precise location of the Old Mobile Site was not known. Maps and plans from the Bibliothèque nationale and the Archives nationales in France provided strong evidence that the site was located at Twenty-Seven Mile Bluff. However, local parties argued that the location was near the mouth of Dog River.</p><br>
<p>Based on maps from the Archives nationales and local probate records, Peter Hamilton, author of Colonial Mobile (1910), concluded correctly that the site was located at Twenty-Seven Mile Bluff. He claimed locating the well and finding bullets, crockery, large-headed spikes, and a brass ornament at the site. During a visit to the site in 1902, Carey Butt, a colleague of Peter Hamilton, suspected he had located the powder magazine of Fort Louis. Based on the maps and the claims of Butt, the Iberville Historical Society erected a monument at the site in 1902 during the celebration of the 200th anniversary of the founding of Mobile.</p><br>
<h3>Archaeological projects and surveys</h3><br>
<p>In 1970, the University of Alabama under the direction of Donald Harris conducted the first archaeological survey of the site. The survey lasted for a two-week period in a location immediately north from the monument. Harris unearthed a foundation which he incorrectly attributed to Fort Louis. In addition, Harris located Indian pottery and small iron cannonballs.</p><br>
<p>In the middle of the 1970s, the Old Mobile Research Team was founded. James C. "Buddy" Parnell formed the group with friends and fellow employees of Courtaulds Fibers, a company which owned a portion of the suspected Old Mobile site. Members of the team determined that Donald Harris had been exploring the incorrect location. Based on clues from aerial photographs and French maps, the team located a house of the former settlement in February 1989. Other artifacts including fragments of dinnerware, clay pipe stems, and bricks were discovered during this effort.</p><br>
<p>In May 1989, the Old Mobile Project was formed as a community effort involving Mobile County, the city of Mobile, and the University of South Alabama. Funding for the project came from the private sector, university startup funds, the Alabama Historical Commission, the Bedsole Foundation, the Mitchell Foundation, the Alabama Legislature, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the National Science Foundation. The landowners of the Old Mobile Site (Courtaulds Fibers, DuPont, Alabama Power Company) permitted excavation on the site. In June 1989, excavation of the site began under the direction of Gregory A. Waselkov. Although previous efforts had helped to establish the precise location of the site, the surveys related to the Old Mobile Project yielded the most archaeological records of the Old Mobile site.</p><br>
<h3>Archaeological record of Old Mobile Site</h3><br>
<p>Extensive shovel testing was utilized to determine the extent of the site and to locate structures of the settlement. From 1989 to 1993, approximately 20,000 shovel tests were performed at intervals of 13 ft. Since extensive excavation began in 1989, the locations of more than 50 buildings and the approximate boundaries of Old Mobile have been identified.</p><br>
<p>Buildings were constructed using both poteaux-en-terre and poteaux-sur-sole techniques. In poteaux-en-terre construction, wooden posts are placed vertically into the ground. The gaps remaining between the posts were filled with a mixture of mud or clay and Spanish moss or hay. The mixture can be supplemented with small rocks. The walls are bound by a top plate and protected with plaster or siding. In poteaux-sur-sole construction, the floor of the building is elevated through the use of a bottom sill. The sill was formed by laying the wooden members directly on the ground. The elevation of the floor provided an airspace that minimized damage from moisture and insects. Since the conditions of the site were damaging against wooden structures, the poteaux-sur-sole structures would have been advantageous since their sill members could be more easily replaced than the wooden posts of a poteaux-en-terre structure. Exterior trenches suggest that palisade fences were used around some of the buildings.</p><br>
<p>During the summer of 1989, the archaeologists of the Old Mobile Project excavated a house site located near the western edge of the site. The house, believed to have been occupied by French Canadians, was a long narrow building consisting of a parlor flanked by two bedrooms with a fenced garden or animal pen at one end. The only remaining features of the house were the footing trenches used for wall sills, clay floors, and brick rubble remaining from a fireplace.</p><br>
<p>During the 1990 field survey, the location of a blacksmith shop was identified by the discovery of large quantities of iron scrap, slag, coal, and charcoal.</p><br>
<p>These excavations have also recovered thousands of artifacts. Originally utilized as a "property identifier", a lead seal dated 1701 with the name of the "Company of Indies of France" and a fleur-de-lis provided evidence that the location of the settlement had been properly identified.</p><br>
<p>Among other items discovered at the site included construction materials (fired wall clay known as bousillage, roof tiles), dishware (French faience, Mexican majolica, Chinese porcelain, kettle fragments, wine glasses), weaponry (French gun flints, lead shot, gun and sword parts), clothing remnants (brass and silver buttons, shoe and clothing buckles), currency (French and Spanish coins, glass trade beads),</p><br>
<p>and ceremonial items (catlinite fragments from the bowl of a ceremonial pipe.).</p><br>
<h3>Structural evidence</h3><br>
<p>The town was constructed on a grid pattern, with each block representing anywhere from 2 to 10 individual lots, separated by dirt streets approximately 12 m (40 ft) wide. Nine structures have been fully excavated at this site, with many others partially excavated as well. Old Mobile contained over 100 separate buildings during its peak occupancy, each with different occupations and families living within them. Structures 1, 3, and 5 on the western side of the town were domestic dwellings, for example. Structure 2 was a blacksmith shop, as evidenced by a forge. Structures 4 and 14 were likely taverns. Structures 30-32 were likely military barracks. These structures were erected using the 3-wall construction method, and showed variability between poteux-en-terre, poteux-sur-sole, and piéce-sur-piéce, depending on who was building them and who living within. Roofs were often made of river cane or wooden shingles and thatched with palmetto (some structures contained terracotta tiled roofs but not enough to indicate this being a common practice). Given that spaces between timbers during construction were patched with a mix of clay and Spanish moss, there is evidence of large pits near many structures where the clay was harvested. Nearly every structure has some evidence of these pits, which would later become middens for whoever lived within the structure. Accidental fires and natural disasters often led to widespread and common destruction of houses; these would be either abandoned or repaired depending on the degree of damage.</p><br>
<p>Soldiers played an important role in the construction of Old Mobile. Often as young as 13 or 14, young untrained soldiers would either join the military out of necessity, or be taken in from prisons (though these were normally adults). These troupes de la marine were forced to go overseas to colonies such as Old Mobile, many of them presiding near Fort Louis. While, as soldiers, they were tasked with protecting the colony, many were untrained and underpaid, being on a similar level to indentured servants. It was, thus, their duty to construct, repair, and maintain several parts of the town, including having to construct their own garrisons.</p><br>
<p>Structures 30-32 were among the structures likely to have been built by soldiers for their own occupation, as evidence by their proximity to Fort Louis. The poteux-en-terre construction of them points to their impermanence and ease of construction, especially at the hands of untrained soldiers. These were fenced-in constructions, with Structure 30 in particular containing several small sections within which are too small to have been rooms. Due to the nature of its construction and the great number of artifacts found inside, points to this being a storage structure.</p><br>
<h3>Floral/Faunal remains</h3><br>
<p>A vast number of floral and faunal remains have been found at the site, adding to information regarding subsistence strategies of the colonists. Historical evidence points to colonists making poor attempts at self-sufficiency. A census taken in 1704 mentions: 9 oxen, 4 bulls, 14 cows, 5 calves, 3 kids, ~100 pigs, and ~400 chickens. Similarly, a 1708 census mentions: 8 oxen, 4 bulls, 50 cows, 40 calves, ~1400 pigs, and ~2000 chickens. Historical records show that most of these animals were shipped to the colony rather than being bred at the site itself. A sample of faunal remains from Structures 1-5 revealed 47,348 individual specimens weighing 3 kg in total. However, due to the structures likely being burned down when the site was abandoned in 1711, climatic conditions, and the high acidity of the soil (avg 5.5), bone preservation is poor. The majority of these bones were heavily fragmented and calcined, meaning only 0.5% could be confidently identified.</p><br>
<p>Of the bones which could be identified to a specific taxon, the biomass indicates that 93% belonged to the following mammals: white-tailed deer, pig, black bear, opossum, muskrat, beaver, squirrel, and dog (not as a food). 5.1% of the biomass came from birds, while turtles and fish each represented less than 1% of the assemblage. While the largest assemblages contained mainly domesticated animals (pig and chicken), wild game, waterfowl, and shellfish were significantly more common overall. This would suggest that, due to the unreliability of French shipments, colonists relied heavily on wild game which they either hunted themselves, or was provided by the local Native American tribes.</p><br>
<p>Botanical remains, found mainly in pits, middens, and trenches, were uncovered and studied via a series of flotation samples. As with most archaeobotanical evidence, certain items may be underrepresented or overrepresented depending on their ability for preservation. Flour, for example, does not preserve well, maize preserves far better than beans, and fruits do not preserve well at all, etc. For this site in particular, most of the plant remains are heavily carbonized, implying they were either cooked and deposited in middens, or cooked when the site was burned down.</p><br>
<p>Domestic plants dominated the diet of colonists at Old Mobile. Maize, the primary food staple of the colony, was the most commonly found plant. Analysis of the kernel size and rows-per-cobb align with information on local and foreign maize species, and implies that the maize at Old Mobile was produced locally, either by colonists or Native bands. Other local foodstuffs included several fleshy fruits (sumac, plum, persimmon, black gum, grape) and several nuts. These would have likely been either traded to the colonists by Natives, or gathered by colonists themselves. European plant remains are also found, most notably the fava bean, a key part of Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and southern European cuisine. While not native to the Americas, these would have likely been imported on shipments and grown in the moisture-rich soils of Old Mobile. Peaches were also imported to the colony, though evidence suggests that these were used as trade goods more often than not.</p><br>
<p>There were not great differences in floral assemblages between different structures on the site. Most represented a syncretic subsistence system, using local maize and imported beans as dietary staples, which were then further supplemented with local fruits and nuts. Historical evidence (largely in the form of journals and trade logs) indicate that colonists much preferred trading for goods over growing them themselves, due to the unreliability of foreign aid. Given that local Native bands and European colonists both relied on women to prepare meals, it is likely that Native women taught colonial women how to find and prepare these indigenous plant species.</p><br>
<h3>Diagnostic European artifacts</h3><br>
<p>Excavations of Structure 30 in particular yielded a large diversity in not only Native American artifacts, but diagnostic European artifacts as well. While Native American ceramics were preferred (making up roughly 64% of the ceramics found at the site), several other types of European artifacts were found, many of which were used for trade with local bands. They are as follows, separated by type of artifact and listed with descriptions:</p><br>
<h4>Tin-glazed Vessels</h4><br>
<p>Normandy Plain</p><br>
<p>St. Cloud Polychrome</p><br>
<p>Nevers Polychrome</p><br>
<h4>Plateware</h4><br>
<p>Abó Polychrome</p><br>
<p>San Luis Polychrome</p><br>
<p>Puebla Polychrome</p><br>
<p>note: most plateware found at the site is stylistically indicative of Spanish designs</p><br>
<h4>Lead-Glazed Course Earthenware</h4><br>
<p>Green-glazed (Southwestern France)</p><br>
<p>Other types of glaze indicative of French manufacture</p><br>
<p>Few Spanish and English styles</p><br>
<h4>Pipes (very common, often made with red pipestone)</h4><br>
<p>European white-clay designed (occasionally inscribed with initials of craftsman)</p><br>
<p>Native American designed (often inscribed with some artistic design, or name of craftsman)</p><br>
<h4>Metal</h4><br>
<p>Copper and brass decorative pieces</p><br>
<p>Swords (brass)</p><br>
<p>Lead Rupert Shot (likely manufactured on-site)</p><br>
<h4>Glass</h4><br>
<p>Mostly olive-green (French-made)</p><br>
<p>Beads (see below)</p><br>
<h4>Chinese Porcelain</h4><br>
<p>Rare but present</p><br>
<p>In addition to all of these artifacts, roughly 2,500 glass beads were unearthed from six different structures on the sites, with most coming from colonial contexts. These beads would have been worn by colonists and Natives alike, and became both a significant trade good, and a useful tool for archaeologists attempting to establish a chronological baseline for glass bead dating in relation to French colonial sites in the Americas. Several beads found mirror beads found at Spanish mission sites to the south (Seven Oaks Gilded, San Luis and Teardrop Pendants, Two-Faceted Crystal Beads, and Carnelian Beads), and align with a migration of Apalachee Native Americans fleeing Spanish persecution, taking their beads with them. Worn in several different ways, European glass beads appear in archaeological assemblages at this site, at nearby Native American sites, and all across the United States. As Old Mobile was one of the first true French colonies in the US, bead production and transport can be traced back to Old Mobile, allowing the beads found here to act as a terminus post quem for other bead studies in nearby French colonial sites.</p><br>
<h3>Interactions with Native tribes</h3><br>
<p>The relationship between the French colonists and nearby Native American bands was one of mutual benefit for the two groups. Without aid from these bands, historians have argued that the colony would likely have failed. While Indian slaves did exist in the colony, their number gradually diminished as more casket girls came to the settlement from France to increase the female population. French colonists were also careful not to enslave Indians from tribes who were allied to them, which at times included (among others) the Chacato and Apalachee. For some Chacato and Apalachee, the colony as a refuge from slave raids and a place "where some of their material and spiritual wants and needs could be satisfied". While most of the artifact evidence points to a great relationship to the Apalachees (evidenced in Lamar Complicated Stamped and Marsh Island Incised pottery styles as well as Spanish Glass Beads), historical evidence points to a greater relationship with the local Mobilian peoples (evidenced by trade reports, the trade language, the site name, and Port Dauphin Incised pottery). In fact, 64% of pottery on the site came from Native craftsmen and historical documents mention frequent and mutually beneficial trade deals struck with the nearby tribes. Unfortunately, the pottery economy is not well represented in trade records, pointing to a possibility that these were low-cost transactions, and that the colonists did not place a high monetary value on Native pottery. The French settlers largely relied on the Natives for wild game when their food supplies were running low. Native groups provided maize, venison, furs, deerskins, and pottery. While French colonists provided beads, catlinite pipes, guns, knives, and nails.</p><br>
<p>In some cases, Native Americans would live in European structures, sometimes as slaves but also as teachers, wives, or extensions of their family. Colonists did not know everything about the land; thus, they were likely taught by Native groups how to cultivate and prepare certain types of local resources. Some French soldiers asked their commanders if they could live with the Native bands, as housing for soldiers around Fort Louis was difficult to manage. Soldiers frequently relied on Native Americans during winter months, as they could often not afford to have their tattered and ripped uniforms replaced, and thus wore deerskin and fur manufactured by Natives.</p><br>
<p>Natives were not expressly forced to assimilate to French colonial culture. While some did conform to European standards of craftmaking or hunting, most maintained their cultural traditions. Even the language spoken by the two groups to communicate with one another (known as Pidgin) was mainly Mobilian, with a few French and Spanish words having been incorporated. The two cultures built off of one other, with Native groups becoming increasingly colonial in their appearance, and French colonists changing their culinary habits to become more in line with Native foodways.</p><br>
<p>The interactions between Native bands and French colonists at this site would set a precedent for interactions between French colonists and Native bands in future settlements. While some tribes were not as friendly as others, the Old Mobile site (and the associated Structure 1MB147) is good evidence of positive relations and a type of cultural syncretism within early French colonial societies in North America.</p><br>
<h4>Structure 1MB147</h4><br>
<p>One structure in particular, 1MB147, which lies in the Northwest Corner of the town, acted as one of the few structures known to have housed a Native American family. This structure is unique, as it contains little evidence of European influence. It is built in a different way than the other houses in the town, it is oriented to the cardinal directions as opposed to the towns grid system and has foundations which are much shallower and simpler than the colonial designs. Faunal remains from the site indicate that whoever lived there did not partake in the consumption of any domesticated animals. There are actually less Native artifacts found at this site, and more European artifacts, indicated that whoever lived here participated in a significant amount of trade with their colonial neighbors. This structure also is indicative of what historical records say – that Native individuals lived just outside of the towns periphery, so as to engage in economic transactions more easily. Natives living in structures such as this were not forced to do so, and the differences of the construction of this building is good evidence that Natives maintained many of their original lifeways, not succumbing to forms of forced assimilation.</p><br>
<h3>Using Old Mobile for defining French colonialism in the American South</h3><br>
<p>Old Mobile, as a site, lays the groundwork for how to interpret French colonialism in the American South. Unlike certain other imperialist countries, French culture did not completely consume Native culture in places where extended periods of interaction occurred. Rather, a form of syncretism developed, changing both cultures and creating something completely new. Using this site as a baseline, dates can be examined from floral and faunal evidence, as well as from glass beads and other European artifacts. Native American artifacts found at the site can be used to trace France&#39;s sphere of influence throughout America.</p><br>
<p>It is unrealistic to discuss French colonialism without taking an intersectional approach, as French colonial culture was inseparable from Native support, which must also take into account the experience of women. Floral and faunal evidence suggests that Natives were ready and willing to aid in the colonist&#39;s survival, and artifact evidence indicates a massive economic interest between the two groups. Further analysis of subsistence lends credence to the influence of women in the colonial narrative, especially Native women, without whom colonists would not have had knowledge of how to cook and prepare local ingredients. While shipments from France and its colonies, as well as trade shipments from Spanish colonies did add to the diversity of assemblages, it also acted as a method of artifact diffusion throughout the American South.</p><br>
<p>Old Mobile was a bastion of French culture and trade during the earliest period of occupation of the Gulf Coast. Survival techniques, and changes in language and lifeways would continue throughout subsequent sites of occupation: present-day Mobile, Port Dauphin, or sites throughout the St. Lawrence river valley.</p><br>
<p>Windsor Mills Bridge, also known as Wiswell Road Bridge or Warner Hollow Road Bridge, is a covered bridge that carries Covered Bridge Lane, formerly Wiswell Road, across Phelps Creek in Windsor Township, Ashtabula County, Ohio, United States. The bridge, one of currently 17 drivable bridges in the county, is a single-span Town truss design. The bridge was built in 1867 using white pine. It sits atop cut stone abutments, one made of sandstone quarried nearby, and the other made of creek stone. The bridge was bypassed in the 1960s and closed to traffic, and Wiswell Road was rerouted west of the creek. In the 1980s, the bridge was completely closed due to safety reasons. It underwent extensive renovation from 2002 to 2004, and was then reopened to all traffic, except for trucks and buses. The bridge is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The bridge&#39;s WGCB number is 35-04-25, and it is located approximately 5.0 mi  west of Orwell.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>1867 – Bridge constructed.</p><br>
<p>2002-04 – Bridge renovated.</p><br>
<p>2004 – Bridge rededicated.</p><br>
<h2>Dimensions</h2><br>
<p>Length: 120 feet (36.6 m)</p><br>
<p>Garden Court is a neighborhood in the West Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It is situated between 45th and 52nd Streets and stretches from Locust Street south to Cedar Street. There is overlap in area with the nearby neighborhoods of Walnut Hill, Spruce Hill, and Cedar Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 1920s, The Philadelphia Inquirer called Garden Court "the most exclusive location in West Philadelphia." Garden Court was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 5, 1984. The neighborhood contains a diverse mix of housing types, including the 116-unit Garden Court Condominiums. It is a racially diverse neighborhood. Income and property values are greater than those of West Philadelphia as a whole.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood is predominantly residential, but contains small rows of shops around the intersections of 48th and Spruce, and 47th and Pine.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>At the 2020 Census, 8,207 people lived in Garden Court. The racial composition of the neighborhood was 48.3% White alone, 32.7% Black alone, 8.3% Asian alone, 0.2% American Indian and Alaska Native alone, 2.1% some other race, and 8.3% multiracial. 6.9% of residents were Hispanic or Latino.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>The School District of Philadelphia operates the Henry C. Lea Elementary school in the neighborhood. It is a public, K-8 school, located at 47th Street and Locust Street. The West Philly Cooperative School also operates in the neighborhood, it is a preschool.</p><br>
<h2>Public transit</h2><br>
<p>SEPTA has 3 bus routes running through the neighborhood. The Market-Frankford Line is nearby, further North, and the Route 34 trolley is also nearby, slightly South.</p><br>
<h3>Bus Routes</h3><br>
<p>Auldbrass Plantation or Auldbrass is located in Beaufort County, South Carolina, near the town of Yemassee. The guest house, stable complex and kennels were designed and built by Frank Lloyd Wright from 1939 to 1941. It is one of two structures that Wright designed in South Carolina. The property was purchased in the 1930s by Charles Leigh Stevens. Wright designed the plantation to serve as a retreat for Stevens. During Stevens&#39; retreats he would use the property for riding and hunting excursions.</p><br>
<p>Wright is credited with changing the name of the plantation from "Old Brass" to "Auldbrass." "Old Brass" was the original name given to the farmland and the local river landing after an old slave from an old plantation on the land before. The earliest records from the farm are dated to 1736 when the farm was known as Mount Pleasant. An industrial engineer, C. Leigh Stevens, joined five parcels of land together along the Combahee River to form the plantation. The plantation was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. It was purchased in 1986 by film producer Joel Silver after Donna Butler, an FLW real estate appraiser, convinced him to restore it. Auldbrass Plantation is an extraordinary example of historic preservation and is open to the public one weekend every two years. Tours benefit the Beaufort County Open Land Trust.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The Auldbrass Plantation was a collection of buildings. This included the main residence, cottages, guest house, caretaker&#39;s quarters, chicken runs, kennels, stables, and Granary. The main residence and a few of the other buildings implemented a hexagon module floorplan. When approaching the house, there was no grand entrance, the driveways were angled to lead visitors past the farm buildings before getting to the main residence. The main residence is inspired by the nature around it, with vertically oriented brick walls and sloping cypress wood walls with narrow windows. The residence also has a copper roof with rainspouts mimicking the Spanish moss hanging from the oak trees. Upon entering the residence, the living room with its clerestory-like windows running above is to the right and the fireplace on the back wall. Around the fireplace is the breakfast room. To the left are the two bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>Woodland Terrace is a street name and a small neighborhood of twin mansions in the West Philadelphia section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. It was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places on March 16, 1972. The street runs from Baltimore Avenue to Woodland Avenue between 40th and 41st streets.</p><br>
<p>Architect Samuel Sloan designed the houses along the street and in several other nearby areas. Woodland Terrace was built in 1861 by Charles M. S. Leslie. Twentieth-century architect Paul Cret lived at 516 Woodland Terrace for much of his career in Philadelphia.</p><br>
<p>The Daniel Waring House, also known as Indian Hill, is located on River Road  just outside the village of Montgomery, New York, United States. It sits on a large parcel of land overlooking the Wallkill River at the junction of River Road and NY 17K, just opposite the western approach to Ward&#39;s Bridge.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that part of the house dates to the 18th century. Waring, a later resident, had the four-column temple-style Greek Revival front section built in the 1840s. It has been occupied since his time and remains a private residence. In 1995 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places, along with several other buildings and structures on the property. The current resident, a former town supervisor, purchased the property from Richard James and Dora Holvey in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house sits on a 1.5 acre triangular lot on both sides of River Road. It slopes to the north and is elevated above grade level enough to provide good views of the river, bridge, and village across. A stone retaining wall, with a set of entrance steps in the middle, along the front of the property is a contributing structure to the listing. A modern swimming pool at the rear is not included. Nor are the ruins of two old mills in the steep sloping ground between the road and the river. Contributing outbuildings include a privy, wellhouse near the house and a large garage/barn to the east. There are other houses on the east and a woodlot on the west.</p><br>
<p>Indian Hill itself is a two-story, three-bay clapboard-sided frame house on a raised stone foundation. On the main block is a gabled roof with two large brick chimneys on the east side. There are wings on the side and rear.</p><br>
<p>The south (front) facade has four fluted Doric columns. A plain frieze runs around the main block&#39;s roofline. The main entrance, on the west end, has sidelights and a transom surrounded by flat pilasters supporting the cornice above it. A single raised panel is above both front windows. All windows have louvered shutters.</p><br>
<p>On the sides are two gabled one-story wings. A one-story kitchen wing, with a gable and chimney, projects from the rear, connecting to a two-story rear extension.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the house retains much of its original finish. A molded plaster cornice runs through most of the first floor rooms and the second-story hall. In the parlor and dining room, more flat pilasters support the cornice. Architraves surround the paneled field around each window.</p><br>
<p>The main stairway features a mahogany rail with a turned newel post and balusters. Both first and second floors have marble mantels, black and white respectively, unusual for Greek Revival houses in the area. The beehive oven in the kitchen wing still has its original cast iron door.</p><br>
<p>The most conspicuous contributing building is the barn/garage, a one-and-a-half-story frame structure with rear ell on the east side of a carport at the end of the unpaved driveway. The privy is on the other side of the driveway, and the wellhouse on the south side, near the stone retaining wall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Amy Eliza Crist, a descendant of one of the earliest families to settle the land around today&#39;s Montgomery, sold the 16 acre that include the current house property to Waring, a successful local miller, for $4,764 ($ in current dollars). Waring lived in a still-extant house on Clinton Street in the village at the time, and stored the lumber for the house he planned to build on the property in one of his own rear outbuildings. It burned, prolonging the construction of the house.</p><br>
<p>The Crists had built the first mills on the future Waring property, and local tradition holds that the kitchen wing was left over from one of the Crist houses. Waring&#39;s use of not only the Greek Revival style, but a very high application of the style featuring the only colonnade on a Greek Revival house in the Town of Montgomery, with lavish interior decor reflects his prosperity and taste. The stone wall was part of the original house plan.</p><br>
<p>He died in 1881, leaving the house to his daughter and son-in-law, Sarah and Thomas Stratton. The son-in-law had bought a large gristmill across the Wallkill from the house, and ran it until it became unprofitable around 1900. During the Strattons&#39; time in the house, the privy and wellhouse were added.</p><br>
<p>Stratton sold it to a Charles Kaune in 1911. He added the large barn, later to be used as a garage, around 1920. Throughout the rest of the 20th century it passed through a succession of owners. Two of them, in the 1970s and 1990s, restored the house.</p><br>
<p>The Long Island City Courthouse is located at 25-10 Court Square in Long Island City, Queens, New York City. It formerly housed Criminal Court, County Court, the District Attorney staff, and the county sheriff&#39;s office. Today the Courthouse is another home to the Civil Term of Supreme Court, Queens County, which also sits in Jamaica. The courthouse was originally built in 1874 to a design by architect George Hathorne, and was remodeled and enlarged by Peter M. Coco in 1904. It was considered to be one of the most important buildings in Queens County.</p><br>
<p>The Long Island City Courthouse complex was designated a New York City landmark in 1976, and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was erected in 1874 to a design by George Hathorne. The location was decided on as the Queens County Seat moved from Jamaica to Long Island City, due to access to nearby transportation. In a 2007 article in Newsday, staff writer Geoffrey Mohan writes of the relocation of the Queens County Courthouse from Garden City Park, Nassau County, to Long Island City. Mohan refers to this relocation as one of decades of controversy, and possible reasons contributing to Nassau County&#39;s secession from Queens.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was remodeled and enlarged by Peter M. Coco in 1904 after a fire destroyed a portion of it. In its remodeling the building was raised from two stories to four stories in order to accommodate the needs of the court. The courthouse is designed in what has been variously described as a Neo-English Renaissance, neoclassical, or Beaux Arts architectural style and is made of stone, ceramic tile, limestone, and metal.</p><br>
<p>Two jails were formerly part of the complex, but were replaced by a parking garage in 1988. The parking structure was designed by Chicago-based architectural firm Skidmore, Owings and Merrill.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse and its surrounding complex has undergone rejuvenation and renovations in the mid-2000s. Liz Skalka, a Chronicle correspondent, reported on August 24, 2006 that: "The ornate courthouse began undergoing repairs in May that included renovations on its brick exterior and new roofing on the main building and its wings. Both are to protect against water damage. A prominent third floor courtroom, noted for its two-story stained glass ceiling, is also being restored, and will receive new wooden flooring similar to its original."</p><br>
<p>The Council Grove Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District located in Council Grove, Kansas, United States. It consists of six discontiguous areas in the city important in the history of the Santa Fe Trail and American migration to the west in the 19th century. Council Grove was named for the occasion of an 1825 treaty negotiation between the Osage Indians and the US Federal government which guaranteed the Santa Fe caravans safe passage through Osage territory. The landmark was designated in 1963.</p><br>
<h2>Trees</h2><br>
<p>The area that is now Council Grove was a natural stopping point for westward migrants on the Santa Fe Trail, since it had plentiful water, and was the last adequate source of lumber (needed for maintenance of wagons). It was, however, in territory controlled by the Osage people. Delegates of the United States government met with Osage leaders, and signed an agreement guaranteeing safe passage through Osage territory to migrants. The site of this meeting was in what is now a small park at the center of Council Grove, under a large oak tree. That tree was felled by a storm in 1958, but its stump has been preserved and had a shelter built over it, and is one of the principal features of the district. A second tree, located on the north side of East Main Street just east of the Madonna of the Grove, was believed to be over 300 years old at the time of the landmark designation; it has also succumbed to the elements, with a sheltered tree section set in front of an old stone house.</p><br>
<h2>Trail section</h2><br>
<p>The exact route of the Santa Fe Trail between Council Grove and points east varied over time, and was channeled onto Main Street when the city was platted. A relatively undisturbed section of wagon ruts dating to the period of migration were found about 1 mi east of downtown Council Grove.</p><br>
<h2>Historic buildings</h2><br>
<p>Three buildings dating to the historic period of migration by wagon are also included in the district. The Seth Hays House, located at the southwest corner of Hall and Wood Streets, is a single-story brick house, built about 1855 by Seth Hays, the first white settler in Morris County. Hays&#39;s first home was a log cabin on Main Street, which he replaced with the Hays Tavern in 1857, in order to better serve the caravans passing through. The Last Chance Store, located at Main and Chautauqua Streets, is a stone commercial establishment built in 1857. At that time it was on the western outskirts of the community, and was the last retail establishment serving caravans. It was designated an NHL in 1963.</p><br>
<p>Hollins Market is the name of the oldest existing public market building in the city of Baltimore, Maryland. It is a contributing property to the Union Square-Hollins Market Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The market, located at 26 South Arlington Ave, just west of downtown Baltimore, runs the length of the 1100 block of Hollins St between South Arlington and South Carrollton Avenues. In 1829 the city granted the petition of a piano manufacturer named Joseph Newman and his brother Elias Newman, who together in 1842 founded Newman & Bros., (of whose pianos two are in the inventory of the Smithsonian), to erect a market house at their own expense on land donated by banker George B. Dunbar. That structure blew down in a windstorm in 1838; the market was rebuilt and opened the following year. The market was expanded in 1864 through a $23,000 appropriation by the city to construct the Italianate addition. The market, which is currently operated by the non-profit Baltimore Public Markets Corporation, is 29,803 ft&sup2</p><br>
<p>The Hollins Market building is at the center of the Hollins Market neighborhood. It is the geographical heart of what many refer to as SOWEBO, and on the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend, is the center of an arts festival called Sowebohemian Arts Festival. Hollins (Public) Market is currently closed for renovations. Construction is underway to add and rejuvenate the following stall types: Fresh and Prepared Seafood, Fresh and Prepared Poultry, International Foods, Full Service Bakery, Salad/Deli, Grocery/Cafe + Pop-Up. The market was previously open Tuesday through Thursday 7:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., Friday and Saturday from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. It was closed on Sundays and Mondays, but according to the BPMC will be open seven days a week after reopening.</p><br>
<p>Hollins Market has a rich history anchoring the surrounding neighborhood. In the early 1900s, many other businesses flourished around the market on Hollins Street and other adjacent streets, including Riggys Bar, Zirclears Bakery, Santos Barbershop, etc. Rumor had it, that Santo Scalco thought Hollins Market was such a great location, that he moved his barbershop from across the street from the Whitehouse where he cut several Presidents hair to 1141 Hollins St., which was at Hollins St. and Carrollton Ave. In the 1980s Hollins Market had numerous bars and restaurants, including The Cultured Pearl.</p><br>
<p>The 1990 Barry Levinson film Avalon depicts Hollins Market in the mid-1900s. The forthcoming Apple+ TV Series Lady in the Lake filmed in and outside of the public market.</p><br>
<p>The Bristol County Courthouse Complex Historic District contains three historic buildings located along Court Street in Taunton, Massachusetts, including the Bristol County Superior Courthouse, the Bristol County Registry of Deeds and the former First District Courthouse. The citys Korean War and World War II Memorials are also located on the lawn in front of the superior courthouse. The Bristol County Courthouse Complex directly abuts the Taunton Green Historic District, the Citys central square.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, an $86 million expansion and renovation project began at the site which is scheduled to include the construction of a new trial court and restoration of the superior courthouse.</p><br>
<h2>Bristol County Superior Courthouse</h2><br>
<p>The Bristol County Superior Courthouse was designed by architect Frank Irving Cooper from nearby Bridgewater and built in 1894 in the Romanesque-style. The stone structure contains a 170 ft tall central tower capped with a copper-clad dome, constructed of Guastavino tile. The building&#39;s large hip roof is also entirely clad in copper. The superior courthouse is the fourth courthouse to be located on or near this site since 1747, when Taunton became the shire town (county seat) for Bristol County, Massachusetts, after Bristol was split off from the Bay State and became part of Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The dome was originally topped with a 15-foot copper flame, which was taken down in 2003 after being deemed a "potential hazard." Despite some calls to restore it, the 300-pound torch remains in storage as of 2015.</p><br>
<p>Since 2013, the courthouse has been home to a pair of nesting peregrine falcons.</p><br>
<p>Bristol County, Massachusetts, also contains historic superior courthouses in Fall River and New Bedford.</p><br>
<h3>Law Library</h3><br>
<p>The district&#39;s law library is located in the upper floor dome section of the courthouse. It includes dozens of stacks of various law-related publications, including other library services.</p><br>
<h3>War memorials</h3><br>
<p>Located on the front lawn of the superior courthouse are the city of Taunton&#39;s memorials to the World War II (installed in 1987) and the Korean War (installed in 1988).</p><br>
<h2>Bristol County Registry of Deeds</h2><br>
<p>The Bristol County Registry of Deeds is located at 11 Court Street, just north of the superior courthouse. It was built in 1904 and designed by architect Albion M. Marble of Fall River. It is constructed in brick and limestone in the Colonial Revival style. Together with a location in Attleboro, the Registry of Deeds contains all the property transaction records for the northern part of Bristol County, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Taunton District Courthouse</h2><br>
<p>The former Taunton District Courthouse is a Greek Revival-style building located at 15 Court Street. It was originally constructed in 1826 as the county courthouse at the site of the current superior courthouse, but moved to its current location in the 1890s. Constructed in red brick, the building features a white wooden portico and copper-capped cupola on the roof.</p><br>
<p>The building has been plagued by water leakage and other structural problems, and also did not meet current ADA regulations which led to the district court business to be moved to a temporary location in the city of Taunton.</p><br>
<p>Court activity ceased in 2008 and the building remained vacant until being purchased at auction in 2012. In 2018 the purchaser opened the newly restored building to the public as a theater named the District Center for the Arts. In addition to structural improvements an elevator was built making the building ADA compliant.</p><br>
<p>Peachcroft, sometimes referred to as the James Wilson Brown House, is located along River Road  between Walden and Montgomery in the Town of Montgomery, New York, United States. It is built in a combination of the Federal and Queen Anne architectural styles.</p><br>
<p>The former came from Brown, the original builder of the house; the latter from renovations by the Millspaugh family, who moved in in the later 19th century and established many businesses, among them a furniture store still in business Walden. Peachcroft remains the center of a working farm of almost a hundred acres that backs on the Wallkill River. In 1994 it and three outbuildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Property</h2><br>
<p>The house and farm are along the east side of River Road 1.3 mi southwest of Walden. Mature trees surround the house, with the outbuildings to its northeast. The 98 acre farm extends to both sides of the road. The surrounding land on either side of the road is fields bounded by woodlots. Its south boundary is the river. Its other boundaries are with neighboring farms, with some houses on nearby small roadside lots being the only other development in the area.</p><br>
<p>A short unpaved driveway leads from River Road to the house. It is a two-and-a-half-story, three-bay frame house on a raised stone foundation. It is topped by a gabled roof shingled in fish-scale slate. A tower with an octagonal peaked roof and finial rises from the south end, and a brick chimney from the north (the tower has a small brick chimney as well). Most of the house is sided in clapboard, except for the gable of a projecting extension on the south end of the west (front) facade, done in cedar shake and the front and side, shingled in asbestos.</p><br>
<p>The front facade has a porch, with a shallow pitched hipped roof supported by turned columns running all the way to the addition. The projecting front bay, two stories in height, has a gabled roof of its own.</p><br>
<p>The interior follows a side hall plan. Inside trim reflects both the Federal and Victorian eras. From the former are the two keystone arches on either side of the parlor mantel, and the cherry spindles and banister on the second floor and attic. At that level, the ribs of the house&#39;s original gambrel roof are still visible inside.</p><br>
<p>The outbuilding complex is dominated by an old barn, a two-and-a-half-story frame building with an extension of similar height. The original section is faced in wide horizontal siding while the extension is done in novelty siding. A nearby shed and chicken coop are the other two contributing outbuildings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The earliest known owner of the property was Philip Millspaugh, a German Palatine immigrant to the region in the early 18th century. A contemporary map shows him on the property in 1734. An old door still in the attic of Peachcroft may be a remnant of his house.</p><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the current farmhouse appears to date to around 1800. The Millspaugh family kept the property until 1870, when Catherine Millspaugh sold it to Robert Wilson Brown for $10,000 ($ in contemporary dollars). He had made a fortune in the California gold rush and mainly used the house as an investment property. In 1891 he gave it to his daughter and her new husband as a wedding gift.</p><br>
<p>Jonathan Hawkins, Brown&#39;s son-in-law and grandfather of the present owner, hired a carpenter from Montgomery to renovate the house. At this time the gambrel roof was covered over with the gable and the tower added, so Hawkins could watch over the whole property. The front wing was added as well. Hawkins named the property Peachcroft, since that was one of his initial crops, along with potatoes and sheep.</p><br>
<p>He died in 1933 and the property passed to his son, Clarence. The son&#39;s major change to the property was to split off a small lot on the west and sell it for the construction of two houses. For a long time these were the only ones visible from the farmhouse. Upon his death, it became the property of his wife and son, and finally that of the son, Jonathan Curtis Hawkins, alone when the widow died in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the listing on the Register Hawkins restored the house. In the late 20th century the town acquired the development rights as part of its farmland preservation efforts.</p><br>
<p>The John R. Hays House is located on Maple Street in Walden, New York. Hayes, a prominent local businessman of the late 19th century and officer in the 124th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment during the Civil War, built it in a Second Empire style.</p><br>
<p>It has been largely unaltered since its original construction. In 2002 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>It is a two-by-two-bay two-story building on a rubblestone foundation mostly exposed in front by the downward slope of the property. Clapboard siding gives way to a decorated frieze and bracketed cornice at the roofline. The mansard roof is shingled in modern asphalt that resembles the slate that was originally used.</p><br>
<p>A single round-arched dormer window on the east of the roof is complemented by a gabled dormer with double window next to that itself tops two stories of oriel windows. Next to it, the main entrance is framed by a porch which wraps around the eastern side of the house. It is fronted with a balustrade of scroll sawn panels, and a set of stairs drops to the ground in front of the double-doored entrance.</p><br>
<p>Other than the porch, the east facade is much less decorative than the front, with a single window in each bay on both stories. There is another pair of stairs on this side. The west elevation has just the windows. The south is where the slightly offset single-story rear wing is connected.</p><br>
<p>The interior follows a side hall plan. The staircase from the entry hall has a turned newel and balusters with a detailed handrail. A four-paneled wooden door leads into the front parlor, where a round-arched entryway opens into the oriel window. Many other rooms in the house are still decorated and finished as they originally were.</p><br>
<p>A small barn in the rear of the property has since been converted into its garage, but retains most of its original finishings. It is considered a contributing resource to the NRHP listing.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hays, who was born in Walden in 1840, served in the 124th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment, a locally raised unit known as the "Orange Blossoms", during the Civil War. He saw action in many important battles of the conflict, including Chancellorsville, Fredericksburg and Gettysburg. After being wounded, he was honorably discharged as a lieutenant and returned home.</p><br>
<p>There, he served as the local agent for the Wallkill Valley Railroad, which ran through the eastern section of the village. He built the house in 1874, two years before moving on to other businesses, including service as the vice president of several local banks. He was active in veterans&#39; affairs, including raising money for the monument to the Orange Blossoms in the center of the village, a short walk from the house.</p><br>
<p>In 1900 the rear wing was added to the house, the only substantial revision to its original design. Twelve years later, when Hays died, the village mourned the loss of "one of its foundation stones" during a period in which it had prospered and greatly expanded.</p><br>
<p>Old Town Eureka  in Eureka, California, is a historic district listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places. It is a 350 acre area containing 154 buildings mostly from the Victorian era. The core of the district runs the length of First, Second, and Third Streets, between "C" and "M" Streets, and includes many types of architecture including Eastlake, Queen Ann, Greek Revival, Classical Revival, and Second Empire styles from the 1850s to the 20th century. Though not officially within the district, the Carson Mansion commands the highest elevation at the eastern edge of the district.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>is located on a plaque near the intersection of Third and "E" Streets</p><br>
<p>The city began as an 1850 settlement on the edge of Humboldt Bay. Developers and settlers planned for Eureka to aid in the provision of miners working inland to the east. By 1865, the central core of what would become Eurekas "Old Town" was considered "a lively place for a small town, full of business and with plenty of money." The roads beyond Second street (the equivalent of "Main" Street) were covered with stumps from the (recently logged) Redwood forest, and had not opened yet.&#39;</p><br>
<p>Old Town Eureka was named as one of the 100 best art towns in America. Within its bounds is the Clarke Historical Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Examples of historic architecture in Old Town</h2><br>
<p>Oxford Furnace is a historic blast furnace on Washington Avenue, near the intersection with Belvidere Avenue, in Oxford, Oxford Township, Warren County, New Jersey. The furnace was built by Jonathan Robeson  in 1741 and produced its first pig iron in 1743. The first practical use in the United States of hot blast furnace technology took place here in 1834. It was later added as a contributing property to the Oxford Industrial Historic District on August 27, 1992. With</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Oxford Furnace was the third charcoal furnace in colonial New Jersey and the first constructed at a site where iron ore was mined. The first two furnaces and ) extracted ore from bogs in South Jersey, impure deposits called bog iron.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the Oxford Furnace occurred around 1741 by Jonathan Robeson and Joseph Shippen, Jr., both of Philadelphia, and owned by the Shippen family who lived nearby in Shippen Manor. It produced its first pig iron on March 9, 1743.</p><br>
<p>A grist mill was built adjacent to the furnace in 1813. Later, –1915, it was converted into the.</p><br>
<p>In 1834, William Henry, manager of the furnace, achieved the first practical use in the United States of hot blast furnace technology, which increased production by nearly 10%. This technology blew preheated air into the furnace, cutting production time. The next year, 1835, he introduced a hot blast oven placed on top of the stack, which further increased the temperature of the blast and increased production by nearly 40%.</p><br>
<p>In 1834, Henrys assistant Selden T. Scranton took over the Furnace property. He married Henrys daughter, Jane Henry in 1839. Seldens brother, George W. Scranton, moved to Oxford in 1839 and later married Henrys other daughter, Jane Henry. The brothers bought the Henry & Jordan lease in 1840 and operated the furnace. Charles, another of the Scranton brothers, joined the family firm in 1844. The Scranton brothers also worked periodically at a furnace in "Slocum&#39;s Hollow" (now Scranton) in Pennsylvania. During this time, iron furnaces were changing to the use of coal as fuel (instead of wood and charcoal), and the brothers invested in railroads. Access to the anthracite coal from Pennsylvania and via the nearby Morris Canal enabled the Furnace to run.</p><br>
<p>The Oxford Iron Company was incorporated in 1859 by George and Selden T. Scranton, following George&#39;s withdrawal from the partnership. During the Civil War, the furnace was flourishing and industrial expansion occurred in Oxford. In 1863, the furnace property and Shippen Manor were sold to the Oxford Iron Company, two years following the death of George Scranton.</p><br>
<p>In 1871, Selden and Charles Scranton and Eugene Henry built the new furnace (Oxford Number 2), but it was not as successful. This used up their available capital at the start of the worst depression of the 19th c. (see Panic of 1873) Selden believed that Samuel Sloan, a New York politician, was to blame for the depression. Sloan learned about railroads from Commodore Vanderbilt and was recently made the president of the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Western Railroad. This rail line hauled about 60,000 tons of anthracite a year and delivered it to the Oxford Furnace.</p><br>
<p>Selden attempted but failed to avoid bankruptcy in 1874, and by 1878, he tried to avoid losing his mines to foreclosure.</p><br>
<p>Oxford Furnace operated the longest of any of the colonial furnaces, not being "blown out" until 1884. It was rendered unusable due to a failure of the inner wall above the tuyere in the north tuyere arch (a large crack in the masonry occurred over time).</p><br>
<p>William Henry died in 1878 and Eugene Henry in 1883. Charles, who was the more level-headed and kind of the family, died when he fell from a railroad car in 1887. Two years later, William Henry, Jr. and George&#39;s sold, William Henry Scranton, both died. That same year, the Oxford Iron Co. went bankrupt and was purchased four years later by Oxford Iron and Nail Co, but by 1895, the company went into receivership four years later. The company was reorganized by Empire Steel & Iron Co., which sold and moved the rolling mills, and rebuilt Furnace #2, which ran until 1921. The next year, the only industry operating in Oxford was mining, which occurred in the area from before the Oxford Furnace was built in 1741 until the early 1960s.</p><br>
<p>By 1884, he was in financial ruin and the Board of the Delaware, Lackawanna, and Warren Railroad voted to "pay him a gratuity of $62.50 a month." While his house was sold in the midst of the foreclosure of his properties, a group of old associates purchased the property and let him live there "under the direction of a trustee."</p><br>
<p>The State of New Jersey acquired possession of the two furnaces by 1935. Furnace #2 was razed in the 1980s/1990s. The older of the furnace still stands, in part, in Oxford as a memory of a day long gone by.</p><br>
<p>A restoration of the furnace occurred between 1997 and 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Notable People</h2><br>
<p>George M. Robeson (1829–1897), Union general during the Civil War, and then Secretary of the Navy during the Ulysses S. Grant presidency</p><br>
<p>The New York State Executive Mansion is the official residence of the governor of New York. Located at 138 Eagle Street in Albany, New York, it has housed governors and their families since 1875.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1856 as a private home in the Italianate style for banker Thomas Olcott. During the 1860s, the residence was extensively remodeled by Robert L. Johnson, its second owner. Samuel Tilden became the first governor to reside in the house when he rented it in 1875, and the state purchased it two years later.</p><br>
<p>After a fire in 1961, the possibility of building or purchasing a modern mansion uptown was considered, but Governor Nelson Rockefeller fought for restoration and was instrumental in getting the mansion named to the National Register of Historic Places. In the early 1980s, the Executive Mansion Preservation Society was established to coordinate restoration of the home. Inmates from state prisons once staffed the mansion.</p><br>
<p>Over the years, various governors have altered the mansion. Theodore Roosevelt, for example, had a gymnasium constructed during his stay. Franklin D. Roosevelt installed a swimming pool in 1932. It was subsequently filled in when its building was converted into a greenhouse, but Mario Cuomo had the pool restored during his tenure. Al Smith had a zoo built, and Nelson Rockefeller added the mansion&#39;s tennis courts. Twenty-nine consecutive governors had used the building on a mostly full-time basis until Governor George Pataki.</p><br>
<p>Former Governor Andrew Cuomo (who previously maintained his principal residence at the Lily Pond estate in New Castle, New York, with former partner Sandra Lee) began to live in the mansion during the autumn of 2019. During the COVID-19 pandemic, his three daughters quarantined at the residence. Governor Kathy Hochul and her husband William Hochul currently reside in the mansion along with her daughter Caitlin and her partner.</p><br>
<h3>Green certification</h3><br>
<p>In April 2009, Michelle Paige Paterson, wife of Governor David Paterson, announced that as a result of efforts to "green" the operations and maintenance of the building and grounds, the mansion had earned a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Gold certification from the US Green Building Council. The mansion is the first governor&#39;s residence in the country to earn Gold status using the LEED for Existing Buildings (LEED-EB) rating system. The project encompassed almost two years and was initiated by previous First Lady Silda Wall Spitzer.</p><br>
<h3>Tours</h3><br>
<p>Free guided tours of the Executive Mansion are given on Thursdays from September to June at 12:00, 1:00, and 2:00 p.m. by reservation only. Tours for school groups are also offered.</p><br>
<p>The Montgomery Worsted Mills, known today as Montgomery Mills, is along the Wallkill River at the end of Factory Street in the Orange County village of Montgomery, New York. It was one of the earliest efforts to harness the river for industrial purposes.</p><br>
<p>Founders Arthur Patchett and William Crabtree became prosperous and upstanding citizens who left their mark on the community they lived in. Many of the homes on the nearby stretch of Factory Street were built by them for their family, and their descendants still live in the Montgomery area. The mills are still in operation too, but are no longer property of the family or used to mill textiles. While they sell yarn, today the mill is primarily an electric power generation station. It is now City Winery.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>The mills today consist of a main brick building, running north-south along the river. An east-west wing built partly over the adjacent dam and its flume is three stories high and houses the Hydroelectric turbines. Another east-west wing holds the main office and store. A second brick building slightly uphill is today leased out to an architectural moldings business. One barn, the second one built, is slightly downriver in some adjacent woods.</p><br>
<p>Factory Street becomes a gravel loop at the mill. Historically there were two large tenements for mill employees at the uphill edge of the property, but they were demolished several decades ago.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The river had been dammed at the mill location since at least the 18th century, and a grist mill had long existed opposite the mill site on the west bank of the river when Johannes Miller began seeking investors for what was to be at first a cotton mill in 1813. It would be one of the earliest attempts to harness the Wallkill for industry. At that time wool came straight from locally farmed sheep and was completely processed at the mill.</p><br>
<p>The cotton mill failed before it could even begin production and nothing happened with the site until about 1870, when an English immigrant, Edmund Ackroyd, bought the property and added a three-story addition. Ten years later, William Crabtree and Arthur Patchett bought the mills, focusing its process on spinning at the expense of weaving. In 1897, they had to establish a branch mill on South Colden Street in Newburgh due to labor shortages in Montgomery.</p><br>
<p>On Election Day, November 3, 1891, the factory was burned completely to the ground and the current, 50,000-square foot (4,500 m²) structure built in its place. It would be in operation by the next summer. Another fire would destroy the Newburgh branch on May 23, 1900.</p><br>
<p>Patchett died in late 1901, and Crabtree took on his five sons as replacement partners the following year., The sons all built houses, some of which stand, on the hillside above the mill. They would later be used to house employees.</p><br>
<p>In 1906 they expanded the mill further, extending the south wing to add drawing and spinning space. The office that had been there was moved to a new north wing, which also housed sorting, scouring and carding rooms. Eight years later, the dam was rebuilt so it crossed the river in a straight line rather than at an angle. After World War I, the mill would see serious expansion. Sometime before the mid-1920s, the Wallkill Valley Railroad added a route that crossed (and still does) Factory Street near the mill, greatly shortening the distance required to put finished yarns on trains. Automobiles, too, began replacing the horse-drawn carts that had been carrying the finished product.</p><br>
<p>A new packing and sorting wing was built in 1922 and a new factory acquired on South William Street in Newburgh. However, these investments could not help the partnership survive the Great Depression, and the mills would be sold to the Steinberger family of New York. It has remained in their hands, and in business in some way, ever since.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1940s, the former houses that had been home to the workers were torn down as the expense was no longer justified. The Steinbergers gradually switched over to power generation, selling what is today 250 kilowatts of hydroelectric power to CH Energy Group. They also lease out some of the available space and offer shipping services as well. A retail store in the mill is open to the public daily from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., selling yarns spun for knitting and weaving.</p><br>
<p>The Steinbergers reached an agreement to sell the mill to Michael Dorf in 2018. If he is able to complete the deal and get approval from the village, he plans to convert the building into a location for his City Winery chain, possibly with some added hotel space. It would be the only location where wine would be produced on site, capable of producing 30–40,000 cases a year, using power generated by the river and solar cells to be placed on the roof.</p><br>
<p>Hyde Park, also called the Hyde Park Historic District, is a section of the North End neighborhood in Boise, Idaho known for its several popular eateries and locally owned specialty shops. Located on North 13th Street a few blocks north of Downtown Boise, the Hyde Park Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>During all months of the year, local merchants host neighborhood events and activities. The biggest event Hyde Park is known for is the Hyde Park Street Fair, an annual event located at the nearby Camels Back Park that is organized by the North End Neighborhood Association and includes vendors, food, live music, demonstrations, a childrens area, and a parade.</p><br>
<p>The Jacob Shafer House is a historic farmhouse located in Town of Montgomery in Orange County, New York. It is located on Kaisertown Road roughly a quarter-mile  south of NY 17K west of the village of Montgomery. The house was built about 1842, and is a two-story, three-bay, Greek Revival style frame dwelling with a -story wing. Also on the property are the contributing ruins of a barn complex and a stone lined well. It was built by Jacob Shafer, a prominent resident of the town.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul Church is a former Roman Catholic church located on the southeastern corner of Twelfth and Spring Streets in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States, in the city&#39;s Pendleton neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>The German-speaking parish was formed in the winter of 1847–1848 to serve the members of St. Marys Church who lived east of Clay Street. Under the leadership of Vicar-General Joseph Ferneding, the members bought the present site and surrounding properties in February 1848; their design was finalized four months later, and construction was financed by the sale of the land now comprising the surrounding neighborhood. Construction was finished in 1850; the completed building measures 150 x and stands 48 ft tall with a tin-covered gabled roof; the building is built of brick on a stone foundation. A fire in 1899 destroyed all but the church walls and German-made stained glass windows, but reconstruction began at once, and the new St. Pauls was dedicated on October 7, 1900. Light fills the interior and the proscenium is supported by twelve Corinthian columns. This brick Romanesque structure has broad Doric pilasters set in its corners and between its tall, round arched windows. It has a Renaissance tower capped with a Pope&#39;s Mitre cupola roof and gilded cross. The three arched doorways face Spring Street.</p><br>
<p>Deconsecrated in 1974, the church complex was named to the National Register of Historic Places in the same year; the buildings compose a historic district, the "St. Paul Church Historic District". In 1981, The Verdin Company, a bell and clock company, purchased the church, convent, schools, and rectory. The buildings were restored and the church was transformed into a bell and clock museum/showroom. The other buildings were transformed into art galleries. The records for this parish are located at Old St. Mary&#39;s Church.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, the Ohio Historical Society gave the Verdin Company an award for its use of the church building, praising their restoration and adaptive reuse of the church.</p><br>
<p>Today, the church is owned by Cafeo Hospitality. It is now a venue for weddings and corporate events.</p><br>
<p>Old St. Marys Church is a Roman Catholic church in Cincinnatis historic Over-The-Rhine neighborhood. It is the oldest continually-used house of worship in Cincinnati.</p><br>
<p>Old St. Marys is the oldest church in Cincinnati, and since 2017, home to The Cincinnati Oratory, a society of priests and brothers of The Congregation of the Oratory of St. Philip Neri. The church was organized in 1840 by German immigrants, at a time of dramatic growth in the citys population.</p><br>
<p>Designed in the Greek Revival style by Franz Ignatz Erd, it is the second-oldest German-Catholic parish in the city and the oldest standing church in Cincinnati. The church is 142 feet long, 66 feet wide and with a steeple 170 feet tall. When built, it was the largest church in the Ohio Valley. The original church was dedicated on July 3, 1842.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The parent parish was Holy Trinity Church (Heilige Dreieinigkeit), which was located at West Fifth Street and Barr Street/Mound Street, in Cincinnati&#39;s Old West End. Organized in 1834, Holy Trinity was the first German parish and second Roman Catholic parish in Cincinnati. The Holy Trinity Parish was closed in 1958 because of changing demographics. As the congregation grew, a new parish was needed.</p><br>
<p>In 1840, German immigrants were arriving in Cincinnati at the rate of 200 per day. Many of the men donated their own labor to build the church, making the bricks by hand. The number of German immigrants increased in mid-century, with many arriving after the 1848 revolutions in various principalities.</p><br>
<p>The St. Clair estate was acquired and the cornerstone was laid March 25, 1841 by Bishop Purcell. Father Clemens Hammer was the first pastor. St. Marys has the oldest clock tower in Cincinnati. In 1842, a clock was installed in the steeple of St. Marys. The first bell was blessed and placed in the tower in 1843. For many years it served as the fire alarm for the northeastern section of the city.</p><br>
<p>A new organ was installed in 1846. A parish school was opened in 1844 and in 1846 the Sisters of Notre Dame de Namur came to teach. In 1852 a school for boys was opened, staffed by the Marianist brothers. In May through August 1849, during the cholera epidemic in Cincinnati, 796 parishioners of St. Mary&#39;s died. There were 345 funerals in July.</p><br>
<p>The church was enlarged in 1865, and remodeled in 1890. The term "Old" was added to the name of this church in 1904 after St. Mary&#39;s in Hyde Park (Cincinnati) was founded. In 1929, a second organ, from the Austin Organs was donated to the church.</p><br>
<p>The three buildings of the Old St. Mary&#39;s parish complex were listed together on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. Seven years later, they were among more than two thousand Over-the-Rhine buildings listed on the Register together as contributing to the Over-the-Rhine Historic DistrictHistoric District.</p><br>
<p>Joseph H. Albers D.D. was ordained a priest in 1916. Father Albers first appointment was in Cincinnati as an assistant pastor at Old St. Marys Church, School. As an armed forces chaplain in World War I, Father Albers was decorated and received the Silver Star (presumably the Citation Star which was its predecessor) for bravery and valor. Thereafter, he was assigned to establish the new Diocese of Lansing, Michigan in 1937, and was its first bishop (1937–1964).</p><br>
<h2>Pastors</h2><br>
<p>Rev. Clemens Hammer (1842–1860)</p><br>
<p>Rev. B. Elkman (1861–1881)</p><br>
<p>Rev. B.J. Menge (1881–1897)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Bernard Moeller (1898–1915)</p><br>
<p>Rev. Joseph T. Duerstock (1916–1941)</p><br>
<p>Very Rev. Jon-Paul Bevak (2016–present)</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>The parish practices a full range of the rich liturgical, musical, and cultural heritages of the Roman Catholic tradition. Mass is offered in Latin and English every weekday, and in Latin, German, and English every Sunday. The Latin Mass features a schola of professional singers who provide music from the Church&#39;s treasury of sacred music each Sunday October through June and on special feast days.</p><br>
<p>Old St. Mary’s Church is the Oratory Church and main base of activity. The Oratorians also has care of Sacred Heart Church in Camp Washington.</p><br>
<p>Old Saint Peters Landmark, commonly referred to simply as Old St. Peters, is a historic building located at the corner of 3rd and Lincoln Streets in downtown The Dalles, Oregon, United States. It was built in 1897 and dedicated on March 17, 1898 as St. Peters Church, and served the local Roman Catholic congregation as its place of worship until 1968. It was saved from scheduled demolition in 1971 by a group of concerned citizens who formed Old St. Peters Landmark, Inc., for that specific purpose, and which maintains the building as a museum and site for weddings, concerts and other cultural events.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and appointments</h2><br>
<p>The building is an example of Gothic Revival architecture, and was constructed of red brick with a roof of galvanized iron Spanish tile. 120 feet (36.6 m) long and 40 feet (12.2 m) wide, the church boasts a spire which reaches 176 feet (53.6 m) at its peak, topped by a six-foot rooster weathervane, a symbol of the Saint Peter.One parishioner stated her father, a blacksmith across the street from church at the time, made the rooster weathervane. Its height makes it literally a landmark, as it is visible from virtually all points in the city, and has been used by surveyors as a reference point from the time it was built to the present day. It is still used as a reference point by river boat pilots. The belfry houses a 533 lb bell connected to a rope which reaches to the narthex.</p><br>
<p>Old St. Peter&#39;s features 34 stained glass windows, typical of Victorian art glass style. They were designed and installed by the Povey Brothers Studio in Portland, Oregon, including six rose windows. The faces of the daughters of David Povey were included among the cherubs depicted in the rose windows. The names on the window dedications include many pioneer families.</p><br>
<p>The statue of the Virgin Mary was carved from the keel of a sailing ship which sank off the coast of San Francisco in the mid-1850s. The keel was retrieved at the behest of two The Dalles families and the statue carved as a thank you for the survival of their loved ones.</p><br>
<p>The building as you see it today is as it was when saved in 1971, with the exception of a few more stations of the Cross having been returned. The Church chose not to take any of the interior appointments or furnishings, including statuary, baptistry, wooden hand-carved confessionals or pews decorated by steam press with wood and pearl trim in a leaf and ivy motif.</p><br>
<p>The Kilgen pipe organ, made of rare tigerwood and installed in 1927, thanks to the Church Ladies Society at the time, is still in place in the loft at the back of the nave, and has been kept in working condition. This pipe organ was made by the same company that made the pipe organ in St. Patricks Cathedral in New York City. The first pump organ to be used at St. Peters is on display, as well as a collapsible pump organ, transported by horseback, as the priest traveled the county.</p><br>
<p>Fort Neoheroka , or Nooherooka, is the name of a stronghold constructed in what is now Greene County, North Carolina by the Tuscarora tribe during the Tuscarora War of 1711–1715. In March 1713, the fort was besieged and ultimately attacked by a colonial force consisting of an army from the neighboring Province of South Carolina, under the command of Colonel James Moore and made up mainly of Indians including Yamasee, Apalachee, Catawba, and Cherokee. The 1713 siege lasted for more than three weeks, from around March 1 to March 22, 1713. Hundreds of men, women and children were burned to death in a fire that destroyed the fort. Approximately 170 more were killed outside the fort while approximately 400 were taken to South Carolina where they were sold into slavery. The defeat of the Tuscaroras, once the most powerful Indian tribe in the Province of North Carolina, opened up North Carolina&#39;s interior to further settlement. The supremacy of the Tuscaroras in the colony was broken forever, and most moved north to live among the Iroquois. On July 17, 2009, the Fort Neoheroka Site was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office in Goshen, New York, United States, is located on Grand Street downtown in the village of Goshen. It serves ZIP Code 10924, roughly contiguous with the village and town. The brick Colonial Revival building was completed in 1936, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>E.P. Valkenburghs design is smaller than most Colonial Revival post offices built during the New Deal in the state. It also features a high degree of decoration for a small post office in that style. The front lobby features a mural of Goshens major landmark, the Historic Track, by Georgina Klitgaard, that was controversial when the post office was built.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The post office is a one-and-half-story, five-by-three-bay steel frame building that occupies most of the lot on the north side of Grand between Canal and Main streets. It is faced in Harvard-style brick laid in common bond. The foundation is done in molded brick except for a stonework area near the entrance.</p><br>
<p>A three-bay front pavilion, projected slightly, contains the entrance area, framed with engaged pilasters supporting a plain entablature and denticulated pediment with a cast iron eagle and "UNITED STATES POST OFFICE GOSHEN NEW YORK" in bronze letters on the tympanum. It is flanked by two windows with cast-stone trim and cast iron lanterns. The front windows are shallow-arched, with brick surrounds, keystones and spring blocks.</p><br>
<p>The steeply pitched gabled roof is tiled in slate and topped by an octagonal cupola with louvered openings, a copper dome and weather vane. The roofline is marked by a modillioned cornice with side returns.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the vestibule is finished in the original wood. It gives onto the lobby, with a terrazzo floor. The walls have vertical-planked wooden wainscoting topped by modillions. They rise to a coved ceiling with stepped panels.</p><br>
<p>The original light fixtures has been replaced with fluorescent lights, but otherwise the customer service windows and teller bays are intact save where one of the latter has been replaced with bronze lockboxes. Klitgaards 55" by 11&#39; (1.7 by 3.4 m) mural, "The Running of the Hambletonian Stake", depicting a harness race at the nearby Historic Track, is just below the ceiling on the east wall.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetics</h2><br>
<p>Smaller than most other small Colonial Revival Depression-era post offices in New York, the Goshen design does not appear to have been duplicated elsewhere in New York as others were (such as Sufferns and Waverlys). Valkenburgh&#39;s other New York post office, in Catskill, another small Hudson Valley county seat, is distinctly different.</p><br>
<p>The building does, however, share with some other contemporary Colonial Revival post offices, such as Dobbs Ferry and Hudson Falls its fine detail. Those buildings, too, share steep gable roofs, ornamented ends and classically inspired entryways.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Goshen&#39;s first post office was built shortly after the Revolution. Over the years it was operated from several different buildings in the village. The current building was one of many authorized by Congress in a 1931 amendment to the Public Buildings Act of 1926, when it expanded the scope of the program in response to rising unemployment at the start of the Depression. Funds were not appropriated until 1934.</p><br>
<p>The site chosen, across from what was then the Erie Railroad station (now the headquarters of the village police department), had been vacant since the St. Elmo Hotel (built 1887) burned down in 1920. In November 1934 it was condemned by the Treasury Department, the Post Office&#39;s then-parent agency. Samuel Plato was awarded the $85,000 ($ in contemporary dollars) contract and construction of the new building was completed in early 1936.</p><br>
<p>Klitgaards mural was added the following year. Postal murals of the era were supposed to focus on local history and contemporary life, but the Treasury Departments Fine Arts Section strongly objected to her intention to paint the track, since it considered harness racing to be an inappropriate subject for public art, asking her to paint a local landscape instead. The community indicated its strong support of the track, and she was allowed to paint it.</p><br>
<p>There have been few modifications to the building since then, primarily in the rear portions of the interior. In 1978, a wheelchair access ramp was built on the front.</p><br>
<p>The Harold Wass Ray House is a historic home in Hillsboro in the USA state of Oregon. Built in 1935 for businessman Harold Wass Ray , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. The two-story structure is of a Prairie School and Craftsman in architectural style.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1920, Ray and his father Albert started what became the Ray-Mailing Cannery, which later became part of Birdseye Frozen Foods. The younger Ray bought the Hawthorn Farm from Rachel Hawthorn in 1933. The farm, then east of Hillsboro, was around 400 acres and grew over the years with Ray adding more parcels of land to his holdings later totaling about 410 acres. Ray made his money from food processing and growing hops, and also raised thoroughbred horses. He had a race track on his farm and was instrumental in the creation of Portland Meadows race track.</p><br>
<p>Ray had a two-story home built on the property in 1935, which was designed by Portland, Oregon, architect Charles Ertz. A small portion of the property remained as Ray&#39;s and his estate later was awarded condemnation proceeds from TriMet in 1999 due to the construction of the MAX Blue Line. Cady operated a bed and breakfast at the house until 1995, and put the house on the market in 2006. The property with the home was purchased in 2007 by Beardsley Building Development in an effort to restore the house to its original condition.</p><br>
<h2>House</h2><br>
<p>The Ray House was designed by Charles Ertz, who also designed the Laurelhurst Theater in Portland as well as his own home, the Charles W. Ertz House, that was once listed on the NRHP. Of blended architectural styles, the 4,100 ft2 two-story structure mixes prairie style and traditional farmhouse elements. Located along Elam Young Parkway at Orenco Creek, the walls are of brick and board and batten siding. The concrete foundation encloses a full basement. The interior contains an oak hardwood floor and is decorated with Spanish Colonial arts and crafts furniture.</p><br>
<p>Glen Aubin, also known as the Rounds Plantation, is a Greek Revival house on Hutchins Landing Road, off Highway 61 South, near Natchez, Mississippi in the United States. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Mississippi since 1985. The nearby port was called Hutchins Landing.</p><br>
<p>The house was constructed around 1835-1845 by John Odlin Hutchins and named for his wife Audin. In 1874 the plantation was purchased by African-Americans Charlie and Charity Rounds, and their family occupied the house until 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Army Medical Museum and Library  of the USA Army was a large brick building constructed in 1887 at South B Street  and 7th Street, SW, Washington, D.C., which is directly on the National Mall. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966. The building was demolished in 1969, and the collections at the focus of the landmark designation were dispersed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Building</h3><br>
<p>The AMML was designed by German-born architect Adolf Cluss (1825–1905) to house the Army Medical Museum, the Library of the Surgeon Generals Office (later called the Army Medical Library), and some of the Armys medical records. Between 1893 and 1910, it also housed the Army Medical School.</p><br>
<p>The AMML remained on the Mall until the 1960s, when the Museum and Library were moved to their present separate locations. The old building (known affectionately as "Old Red" or "The Old Pickle Factory") was razed and replaced by the Smithsonian&#39;s Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in 1969.</p><br>
<h3>Collection</h3><br>
<p>The AMML collection had its origins in the federal government&#39;s decision in 1862, during the American Civil War, to begin a collection of items of medical and surgical interest related to the treatment of Union Army wounded and sick in the war. At first focused on diseases related to the military (a major cause of death and incapacity during that war), it grew over the next two decades to include a wider array of samples for the use of military medical investigators. In 1888 the collection was formally opened to civilian medical researchers as well.</p><br>
<p>The collection resided in a variety of buildings prior to the construction of the AMML building in 1887, including Ford&#39;s Theatre. It remained in the AMML building until October 1968, at which point it was dispersed. Its principal successor is the National Museum of Health and Medicine in Silver Spring, Maryland.</p><br>
<h2>Successor institutions</h2><br>
<p>The Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) was located on the campus of Walter Reed Army Medical Center from February 1955 until its disestablishment on May 15, 2011</p><br>
<p>The National Museum of Health and Medicine, located in Forest Glen Annex of Fort Detrick Silver Spring, Maryland beginning September 15, 2011. It is now part of the USA Army Medical Research and Materiel Command.</p><br>
<p>The Library of Surgeon General&#39;s Office, after various name changes (Army Medical Library, Armed Forces Medical Library) became the National Library of Medicine (NLM) – then a part of the USA Public Health Service – in 1956. The NLM moved to the National Institutes of Health campus in Bethesda, Maryland in 1961.</p><br>
